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POLITICAL: 



OR, 



mu Jfitit of the gemotvatjr 



IN '5 6. 



By JAMES RAYMOND 




BALTIMORE: 
JOHN W . WOODS, PRINTER. 

1857. 



7 *>* 



Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and fifty-seven, by James Raymond, in the Clerk's 
Office of the District Court of Maryland. 






IS 




PEEFACE, 



The excitement of the last Presidential Elec- 
tion, reached those who are not habitually poli- 
ticians, myself among the number. The cam- 
paign over, though it resulted in accordance with 
my own choice, I felt like one who had been long 
from home, and was anxious to return. Prompt- 
ed by this uneasiness. I began to sweep out, kick 
out, tear, burn and destroy by all the modes that 
a spirit of annihilation could suggest, those un- 
profitable intruders upon the office of a country 
attorney, which lay about it, in wild disorder, or 
had been carefully placed in a pigeon-hole which 
I had labelled Political. But, like the Sibylline 
verses, every good Democratic document that I 
destroyed seemed to enhance the value of what 
remained ; and like the Roman potentate, I re- 
pented of my rashness before it was entirely too 
late to change my course. The lawyer's office 



vi PREFACE. 



fell so far short of being "put to rights" that it 
took on a still more aggravated appearance of 
being the confusion room of a politician, I might 
say, his dissecting room ; for what is scissoring 
newspapers and pamphlets for the printer, but a 
species of dissection ? 

That the selections — for I have sufficiently inti- 
mated that they comprise a part of my book — 
will be read with interest I cannot doubt ; for 
how can the public fail to appreciate the most 
glowing and truthful presentations of those great 
principles with which the Democracy sustained 
itself against every ism that could command a 
vote. 

But I know what I have got to answer for and 
shall meet it at once. By the side of these mas- 
terly productions of able statesmen, I have had 
the presumption to place some of my own humble 
efforts in the same great cause. I knew that it 
was wrong when I did it, and to be still more 
candid, I knew too by what means I could escape 
merited punishment : I knew that the American 
people, in the nobleness of their nature, will grant 
favors, which, if claimed as rights, they would 
resist to the bitter end. I trust, moreover, that 



PREFACE. Vll 

some atonement for my conduct will be found 
in my having furnished the reader with several 
State Papers, which cannot be read too much or 
understood too well. If some of them have 
been so far superseded by subsequent events 
as to lose their practical importance, they are 
still profitable for history, for doctrine, for exhor- 
tation and for example. 

I have kept constantly in view the difficulty of 
dealing with one's own times, or as I may say, "of 
shooting folly as it flies" in such manner as to 
give no just cause of offence to those who hold 
towards me the double relation of being person- 
ally my respected fellow citizens and politically 
my opponents. But I do not claim to be so ten- 
der of people's feelings, that I have or will spare 
error when, in my opinion, the good of the coun- 
try requires its exposure. 

To use a seaman's phrase, I have endeavored 
"to cast an anchor to the windward'' wherever I 
could see a chance ; and now, when it is too late 
to remedy defects, I shall deem it unmanly to 
suffer apprehensions, or even to notice the course 
of the clouds. 



O 2s T E 1ST T 8 . 



Pac - 

Extracts from a Speech bj the Hon. Archibald Dixon. 

of Kentucky, 13 to 18 

Extracts from a Speech by Joseph Holt, Esq. . before the 

Democratic Association at Frederick, Md., l v t 

Extracts from a Speech by James B. Clay, son of 

Henry Clay, -J- to 33 

Extracts from a Public Letter by the Hon. T. G. Pratt, 33 to 39 
Extracts from a Letter intended for the Public, by the 

Hon. J. A. Pearce, .... 40 to 45 

Extracts from a Speech in Congress by the Hon. L. 

O'B. Branch, of North Carolina, . . . 45 to 47 

Remarks by the Author in the Maryland Democratic 

Convention to appoint Delegates to the Cincinnati 

Convention, . . . . . . 48 to 52 

Objections to the "Mysterious Order ,, and an Oration 

for their Orators on the 4th of July, . . 53 to 62 

An Appeal to the Democracy of Carroll County, by 

Wayne, 63 to 67 

The Democratic Avalanche at Westminster, . 67 to 86 

Declaration of Independence, . . . . 87 to 94 

Rules and Articles of War during the Revolution, 95 to 134 



x CONTENTS. 

Pages. 

Provisional Treaty, Armistice and Definitive Treaty of 

Peace with Great Britain, . 135 to 151 

The Ordinance of '87, for the Government of the Ter- 
ritory North West of the Ohio, • • 151 to 163 

Constitution of the United States, . • • 164 to 197 

Constitution of Maryland, . • • 198 to 270 

t, nu i • 271 to 316 

Poll Books 

m, t, u . 317 to 318 

The Result, 

Conclusion, containing views of the Federal Constitu- 
tion by the Hon. G. M. Dallas, the Hon. Reverdy 
Johnson and others, elicited by the Celebration of 
the Anniversary of its Adoption, in Baltimore, in 
eighteen hundred and fifty-five, . . • 319 to 328 



POLITICAL. 



Extracts from the Speech of the Hon. Arch- 
ibald Dixon, of Kentucky, delivered at a 
Democratic Meeting, at the Court House, 
in the City of Henderson, on Monday, the 
24th of September, 1855. 

The American and Democratic Parti/ compared, 
particularly as to their ability to sustain (ft 
stitution and the Union agai dusts ; and 

why the speaker, having been a Whig, had joined 
the Democrats. 

The members of the American party in the 
free States, instead of repudiating, have ratified 
the northern abolition platform, and some of their 
ablest men have proposed a union of all the anti- 
slavery factions in opposition to slavery and the 
southern platform. What good, then, can the 
American party, thus divided, thus opposed on 
great constitutional questions, do the country? 
In this, its hour of peril and of danger, when the 
united efforts of all the patriotic and national men 
of every section are required to save the country, 
2 



14 POLITICAL. 

what aid, what succor can the American party 
afford ? The northern members, in conjunction 
with freesoilers and abolitionists, aiming pon- 
derous blows at the Constitution, to destroy slav- 
ery, and the southern members arming them- 
selves with the fires of bigotry and religious intol- 
erance to crush out forever the religious rights — 
rights sacred to every freeman — of a large por- 
tion of American citizens. 

The question is not, whether the platform put 
forth by the American party, South, on the sub- 
ject of slavery, is a good one, or even better than 
that which any other party has put forth, and it 
is no better than that put forth by the Democratic 
party, but it is, what can the American party 
South do for the country in this, its time of trouble 
and of danger ? How many members to Con- 
gress can it elect on this platform ? Can it elect 
any from the Free States ? Can it carry a single 
Free State in favor of a candidate for the Presi- 
dency on its Southern Platform? These are 
questions which force themselves on the minds of 
all the true and national men of the country. 

He again repeated that from the American 
party, the South and the country had no hope. 
He did not object to its Southern platform on the 
subject of slavery. It was entirely national, and 
all that the South could require ; but, unfortu- 
nately, none of the American party in the free 



ARCHIBALD DIXON. 15 

States could be brought to its support, and without 
their aid the American party South could not help 
the country. Could it carry along with it every 
Southern State, it could not prevent the election 
of an abolition President. 

# fli ♦ •';' ':'• '-> 

No party could save the country who could not 
take from the freesoil and abolition party some 
of the northern or free States ; for if, as he had 
before shown, all the free States vote together, 
they not only exceed the slave States in numbers, 
but have a majority of from forty to fifty over 
them in the electoral colleges. That the Ameri- 
can party South can get none of the free States 
unless it abandons its pro-slavery platform, none 
will contend. That it can or ever will abandon this 
platform, none can believe. 

What can the Democratic party do ? It has a 
national platform and a national party — a plat- 
form reaching from Maine to California, and 
a party standing on that platform from one 
end of the Union to the other. If any one 
doubts, she points exultingly to the recent elec- 
tions in Maine, and says, behold the triumph 
of national men standing on the Democratic 
platform over abolitionists, freesoilers, and all 
the other vile factionists that have lifted up 
their infamous hands in opposition to the Constitu- 
tion and the Union. She points you to the national 
platform put forth by the Democratic State Con- 



16 POLITICAL. 

vention of Massachusetts. To that adopted by 
the Democratic hard-shells of New York. To 
the able and patriotic address of the Democratic 
Central Committee of Pennsj^lvania. To the res- 
olutions of the Democratic State Convention of 
Indiana : and then she points to her Cass, of 
Michigan ; to her Douglas, of Illinois ; to her 
Bright, of Indiana ; to her Toucey, of Connecti- 
cut ; to her Jones and her Dodge, of Iowa; to 
her Thomson, of New Jersey, her Brodhead, of 
Pennsylvania ; and to her Gwin and Weller, of 
California ; and says these are the men who, in 
the Senate of the United States, risked all for 
the Kansas and Nebraska bill, the Union and 
national principles, and now stand at the gate 
that opens to the temple of freedom as faithful 
sentinels, with flaming swords to hew in 
pieces the vandals that would destroy the 
Union. She may not be able to unite sufficient 
strength in the free States to defeat the abolition 
and freesoil candidates for President of the 
United States, but she has a platform on which 
to stand, and men of stout hearts and stalwart 
arms to wield the falchion in defence of the Con- 
stitution and of national principles. The Amer 
ican party South has no such platform in the free 
States, and no such men to defend it. 

And now, said he, it could not be disguised 
from the most common observer, that the country 






ARCHIBALD DIXON. 17 

was rapidly approaching a most fearful crisis. 
The contest must be between the Abolitionists, 
Freesoilers and Know-Nothings of the North, and 
the national men of all parties and of all the 
States. What the result will be none can tell. 
It may be the involving of the country in all the 
horrors of civil war, the dissolution of the Union 
of the States, and the extinguishment of fires 
which our ancestors kindled on the altar of free- 
dom, and which they fondly hoped would burn 
there in unextinguishable glory forever. At such 
a time the country requires every man to do his 
duty, and it will require the united efforts of 
every national man to save her. Her voice 
comes borne upon every wind, in mingled ac- 
cents of sorrow and despair, crying help me, my 
children, ere I perish beneath the dark wave of 
faction and fanaticism, which is threatening to 
engulph me. She calls on the freesoilers and 
abolitionists of the North, and their response is 
borne on the gales of faction, "Perish — we owe 
you nothing !" She calls upon the Know-Nothing 
party in the free States, and they but echo the 
response of their twin-sisters, abolitionism and 
freesoilism, "Perish, perish, or give up the 
institution of slavery." 

She calls upon the American party South ; but, 
"alas!" they cry, "We are too weak to help you ; 
we have no power to save." She calls upon the 
2* 



18 POLITICAL. 

Whig party, her once great hope and support, and 
a voice from the tombs of Clay and Webster, calls 
around her all the national men of the country, 
and bids her lean upon them, for they alone can 
save her. She calls upon the Democratic party 
from the North and from the South, and she 
spreads out her national platform on which can 
stand the national men of every party and of 
every State, and on whose shoulders she may lean 
and weather the storm of faction, and repose in 
security. 

And now, said he, men say, "You are going 
with the Democratic party. " I am going for my 
country. She points the course, and I follow her 
directions. 



Extracts from the Speech of Joseph Holt, of 
Kentucky, before the Democratic Associa- 
tion of Frederick City, Md., July, 1856. 



Mr. Holt's speech was published in compliance 
with the following request : 

Frederick City, July 28, 1856 
Joseph Holt, Esq. 

Dear Sir : — The undersigned have been ap- 
pointed by the Democratic Association of this 
city, a Committee, to wait on you and solicit 
copies of the able and eloquent addresses, which 






JOSEPH HOLT. 19 

you did the Association the favor to deliver before 
it, at its two last meetings. The Association 
earnestly desires to publish those admirable ex- 
positions of Democratic principles, believing that 
thereby the great cause of the country will be 
advanced and a healthy tone of public opinion 
promoted. The undersigned sincerely hope that 
you may find it agreeable to comply with the 
wishes of the Association. 

With the highest regard, we are your obedient 
servants and friends, 

E. LOUIS LOWE, 
GEORCiK SMITH, 
WILLIAM H. LALEY, 
JOHN McPHERSOX, of Wm. 
JOHN T. QUYXX. 



Political Excktment in America, th sary re- 

sult of Liberty, and is no occeision for Alemn. 

The despotisms of the old world enjoy rest, save 
when at remote intervals, the pent-up wrongs of 
centuries explode in the form of sanguinary in- 
surrections. But from the depths of that tran- 
quillity are ever issuing sickening odors, as from 
an open sepulchre of human hopes and human 
hearts. The stagnant pool which basks sluggishly 
in the sun, enjoys also rest, but beneath its sur- 
face venomous reptiles do gender and batten, while 



20 POLITICAL. 

the malaria of pestilence and of death, are exhaled 
from its waters. The mountain torrent knows no 
repose, but ever restless, it dashes forward and 
onward, gathering new momentum with every 
bound, and inspiring new joys with every accent 
of its wild song. Action is the law of its being, 
as it is the element of its strength : without it, it 
loses, at once, its freshness, its purity, its power, 
and above all, that rainbow of glory which glit- 
ters as a garment of immortality above its path- 
way. Sir, that mountain torrent, is the true em- 
blem of the life of a free people. Discussion, ex- 
citement, agitation — these are a part of the price 
you pay, and which all must pay for liberty. 
Hence that heady strife of party with party, which 
has so long prevailed throughout the Union, has 
for us but slight alarm, however much it may ex- 
cite the fears of transatlantic friends, in those un- 
happy lands, where every movement of the masses 
carries with it the terrors of the tornado and is 
marked by devastation and bloodshed. Our re- 
public stands, as stands the brave old oak, which 
toys with the tempest as the infant with its rat- 
tle. Every breeze stirs its outer and tremulous 
branches : its giant arms may toss wildly to the 
eddying blasts as they sweep on, but its trunk, is 
unmoved, and those mighty roots which strike 
deep into the earth, and are the sources, at once 
of its life and of its greatness, hear not, heed not 
the raging uproar of the storm above. 






JOSEPH HOLT. 21 

Origin of Black Republicans and KnmchNothdng^ 

and why the latter should no t 1 J( called Ameri- 
cans. 

From the wreck of the Whig party, discomfited 
and scattered like dust before the wind in 1852. 
have already arisen two powerful political organ- 
izations, which are marching to an assault upon 
the Constitution, through avenues hitherto held 
sacred by all. From the ruins of that gallant 
party, they have crept forth, like serpents crawl- 
ing from amid the ruins of some magnificent tem- 
ple. They have presented their platform of prin- 
ciples, chosen their candidates, and are now open- 
ly straining every nerve for victory. These or- 
ganizations are known in common parlance, as the 
Know-Nothings, and Black Republicans, or free- 
soilers. I retain the popular denomination of 
the first, because of the universal conviction of its 
appropriateness, and because, it is in itself, an in- 
teresting memorial of the systematic falsehood 
taught by the ritual of the order, which rendered 
"I know nothing," the stereotyped response to 
every question addressed to its members, touch- 
ing either their membership, or the principles and 
purposes of the association. I unhesitatingly re- 
ject the talismanic appellation " American," which 
they have given to themselves in baptism at their 



22 POLITICAL. 

own font, because this performance of the right, 
has not been sanctioned by that great high priest, 
public opinion, and because in view of the creed 
and practices of the order as seen through good 
Democratic spectacles, the application of such a 
term to it, cannot but be regarded as not merely 
unmeaning, but as an absolute mockery. It has 
probably been assumed from a figure of speech 
well known to rhetoricians, by which, for example, 
in some languages, the street of a city is called a 
place of silence, because it is really one of noise — 
so, in the latin tongue, a dense grove is lucus, i. e. 
a place of light, from non lucendo, or because, in 
fact, there is no light there at all. It is from a like 
capricious, if not cruel sport with language, that 
the word "American 7 * is thrust upon us as the 
tortured exponent of what, we verily believe to 
be, in all its impulses and purposes, wholly and 
irretrievably anti- American. 



The Tenacity of Man to the Rights of Conscience. 

Of all the rights, of all the possessions, which 
are the objects of human passion or the subjects 
of human strife, there is none to which man clings 
with such unyielding tenacity as the right to wor- 
ship the Creator according to the dictates of his 
own conscience. All things else he may be 






JOSEPH HOLT. 23 

tempted to surrender — of all things else, the ruf- 
fian hand of violence may despoil him : you may 
confiscate his estate ; you may load him with 
chains and cast him into dungeons ; you may 
break his frail body on the rack or burn it at the 
stake ; you may make him a cowering slave in 
the presence of his fellow men, but in the presence 
of that being whose name is Love, his spirit still 
is free. It is the sublime proof, at once of the im- 
mortality, and responsibility, of the human soul, 
that its freedom is above and beyond the reach 
of the tyrannies of earth. As a consequence of 
the unspeakable preciousness of the rights of con- 
science, whenever and wherever they have been 
invaded, that invasion has been resisted with an 
obstinacy and desperation proportioned to the 
magnitude of the interests at stake — society has 
been convulsed and the career of the persecutor 
has become that of the pale horse and his rider 
as seen in the apocalyptic vision. Although this 
Upas tree of intolerance has been but recently 
planted in our midst, it has already given us a 
foretaste of those poisonous fruits, which, in the 
vigor of its age, it will certainly bear. That fore- 
taste is found in the heart-burnings, the feuds 
and bickerings, which pervade families, neighbor- 
hoods and churches : it is found in the election 
riots and carnage of New Orleans ; but especially 
has it been seen in the conflagrations and blood- 



24 POLITICAL. 

shed which marked the footsteps of the Louisville 
mob in August last. Throughout the horrors of 
that day, the invasion and burning of the stores 
and dwellings of the foreign Catholic population, 
were as indiscriminate as the massacre of their 
helpless inmates, was cowardly and atrocious. 
If to-night, you would walk the streets of that 
doomed city, your spirits' ear might, even now 
catch the yell of that demoniac band, as your eye 
in sadness met the blackened and crumbling walls 
of what were once peacefiil human habitations. 
There they stand — and may they ever thus stand, 
fitting memorials of that flame of hell, which 
glowed in the bosoms of Know-Nothing butchers, 
fiercer far than even the fierce flames which wrap- 
ped the homes of their defenceless victims. 

Let Protestants, who have written so many vol- 
umes, and thundered from their pulpits so many 
philippics, in denunciation of the persecutions of 
the Catholic church, and who are continually ap- 
pealing to European governments in behalf of re- 
ligious toleration, beware how they take up the 
rusty and bloody weapons which Rome herself 
has cast away. Let them not flatter themselves 
that their garments are the less defiled, because 
they lead not their Catholic neighbors to the stake. 
In the presence of that Constitution, the shield of 
whose protection is alike over all, they have no 
more right to take from them their political privi- 
leges than they have to take from them their lives. 



JOSEPH HOLT. 25 

Tlie real Language which Know-Nothings hold to 
Catholics. 

Looking beyond this flimsy and tattered veil, 
which has been hung up between us and the truth, 
by those who believe in the infinite gullibility of 
the people, we see this monstrous organization in 
all its hideous nakedness, and hear the real lan- 
guage that it addresses to the Catholics of the 
United States, which is this: "We, Protestants 
and Know-Nothings, hold the head of our church 
to be in our congregations, synods, general assem- 
blies and conferences, you hold the head of yours 
to be in the Pope of Rome : Because you presume 
thus to differ with us and are in a feeble and 
seemingly unprotected minority, although we 
worship the same God and claim an interest in 
the blood of the same Saviour, we have resolved 
to put the political branding-iron upon your 
brows : and notwithstanding this is the land of 
your birth, and here are your wives and children 
and homes and every earthly interest, and not- 
withstanding your wealth fills the public treasifry 
as does ours, and your right arms sustain the con- 
flicts and burdens of the republic, as do ours, yet 
we have, in the wantonness of an irresponsible 
majority, determined to place a stigma upon you, 
which shall never be effaced, and to cast you out 
3 



26 POLITICAL. 






as political lepers. 77 There is a blackness of 
guilt, there is an intensity of atrocity, in the char- 
acter of a persecutor for religion's sake, in a coun- 
try like this, which all the riches of the languages 
of earth, are too poor to express. I wonder that 
an American who has stooped to this degradation, 
can ever again have the courage to lift his eyes 
to that banner of the free, and gaze upon those 
stars and stripes, every rustle of which in the 
breeze, proclaims in accents sweeter than the 
music of the spheres : "freedom of conscience 



TO ALL. 77 



An Appeal to Democrats who have joined the 
Order, to come out from among them. 

Is there a Democrat within the sound of my 
voice, to-night, who, seduced by the cant and 
twaddle about "Americans ruling America, 77 has 
betrayed the faith once so dear to him, and is now 
a famished prodigal, vainly striving to fill himself 
with the husks of that miserable delusion of 
Know-nothingism, let me implore him as a 
brother, to return to the banqueting halls of 
Democracy, where the good bread on which he 
once feasted, still awaits him — the bread of prin- 
ciple, of honor, of truth, of brotherhood, of jus- 
tice to all, of proscription for none. Is there a 



JOSEPH HOLT. 27 

Democrat here, who, forgetful of the traditions of 
glory which belong to hie party as the tried and 
jinconquerable champions of the Constitution, has 
allied himself with an organization which is tear- 
ing its way to power, by trampling that Consti- 
tution in the dust, let me entreat him, by all the 
triumphs and memories of the past, and by all 
the hopes of the future, to pan-*' before that pre- 
cipice to whose crumbling brink he has burn led. 
A Democrat turned Know-Nothing! Alas. 
Mr. President ! A Democrat, who is the embod- 
iment of the very chivalry of freedom, become a 
slave, creeping and skulking by night into Know- 
Nothing lodges, and there tying his hands and 
fettering his own great spirit amid the impious 
oaths and mummeries of a Know-Nothing pri 
hood! A Democrat, whose sympathies "taking 
the wings of the morning. By to the ut1 
parts' 7 of the earth, generously embracing the op- 
pressed and the down-trodden of all climes, be- 
come the enemy and persecutor of the hapless 
stranger, who, forsaking home, kindred and coun- 
try, and mingling his tears with the tempests and 
the sea, has sought our shores, because like our 
fathers, he longed to be free ! A Democrat, who 
marches to the music of the brave, and from 
whose banner in words coined of sunbeams, flashes 
the motto, freedom of conscience to all, be- 
come the cowardly persecutor of his helpless Cath- 



28 POLITICAL. 






olic neighbors and fellow-citizens ! Alas, Mr. 
President, can we, without hearts wrung with 
grief, and cheeks crimsoned with shame, look 
upon a fall like this ? 



Extract from the Speech of James B. Clay, 
son of Henry Clay, delivered at the Union 
Meeting, in Mason County, Kentucky, in 
1856. His account of the Know-Nothing 
Ritual, &c. 

Early in the last year, fellow-citizens, it was 
apparent to all men, that the Whig party, as an 
organized party was gone. 

•I* jflg - *y» *8* «$* *j> 

#J» •£» *y» »J» »J» *J* 

The Whig party broken up, disorganized, and 
apparently hopelessly so, Old Line Whigs began 
to ask themselves the question, which once the 
immortal Sage of Marshfield propounded to him- 
self, " Where am I to go? 77 Rumors came to us of 
a party which was said already to have attained 
vast strength, even while many doubted its very 
existence. Secret and mysterious, it was report- 
ed, like Minerva from the brain of Jove, to have 
sprung forth fully armed. Its purposes were 
said to be the introduction of a purer and better 
state of things in politics, and the good only of 
the country. 



JAMES B, CLAY. 29 

Seeing many of my old Whig associates attach- 
ing themselves to it. I was told it was but Whig- 
gery in disguise, and that it only differed from the 
old Whig party in seeking a modification of the 
naturalization laws. I had myself always th< >■ 
that some modification ought to he made of those 
laws, and that greater safeguards ought to 
placed around the elective franchise. I was told 
that its secrecy, which was abhorrent to my nature, 
was only to continue until the party got fairly 
under weigh, when everything would be made 
open and public. Deceived by men in whom I 
had every confidence, I thought it to be my duty 
to join this new parly. I presented myself for 
admission into the order. Do not be deceived — 
I did not get in. The first questions that were 
propounded to me astounded and startled me. 
They were in substance, these : I do not pretend 
to quote the very words : Where was I born ? 
The place of my residence ? Was I twenty-one 
years of age ? Was I a Roman Catholic ? Were 
my parents Protestants ? AVas my wife a Romran 
Catholic ? Was I willing to oppose for all offices 
of honor, trust or profit in the gift of the people, 
all foreigners and Roman Catholics ? 

Fellow citizens, I am not telling you untruths. 
I declare to you upon my honor, and in the pres- 
ence of God, that I believe these to be substan- 
tially the questions which were proposed to me ; 
3* 



30 POLITICAL. 

and I appeal to those members of the so-called 
American party, who may be present, to answer 
whether I have not stated truly the obligations 
under which they placed themselves in the early 
part of 1855, whatever may now be the doctrines 
of their party, which I do not pretend to know. 
I do not expect them to answer me, but I do ex- 
pect them, when they go to their own homes, to 
make answer to their own consciences whether I 
have not spoken the truth. Shocked and startled, 
I requested the presiding officer to read again the 
obligation against foreigners and Catholics. It 
was done, and an attempt made to explain away 
the force of the clear meaning of the words of the 
obligation. I observed that I had been mistaken 
and deceived as to the purposes of the party, or 
my shadow would never have darkened their 
door. I took my hat and wished them good 
morning, 

Fellow-citizens, there was once in the middle 
ages, a political society in Europe, and especially 
in Germany, called the IUuminati : One of its 
practices was, that when an individual became 
partially or fully initiated, and afterwards dis- 
closed any of its secrets, two alternatives were 
offered to the wretched victim — a cord and a dag- 
ger were secretly placed by his bed-side, and he 
might either hang himself or put himself to death 
with the dagger ; If he chose neither of the de- 



JAMES B. CLAY. 31 

lightful alternatives, his nearest relation, even his 
own brother, if a member of the society, was 
bound to take his life. Fellow-citizens, all secret 
political societies are alike. In this age, since 
letters and the press are come about, the cord and 
the dagger are no longer used ; a venal press af- 
fords a far more potent weapon and more vindic- 
tive punishment. By falsehood, by calumny, by 
libel and detraction, not only may the heart of 
the victim himself be torn in pieces, but the feel- 
ings of his wife, his mother, his children, of his 
whole family are reached and lacerated for ven- 
geance sake. Fellow-citizens, such persecution I 
myself have undergone, and you know it. 

I could not reconcile it to my conscience to be- 
come a Know-Nothing, because I believed the 
principles of the party to be antagonistic to civil 
and religious liberty, and dangerous to our re- 
publican institutions. Throwing out a banner 
inscribed, "Americans only shall rule America." 
they appeared to me like the veiled Prophet of 
Khorassan, who, concealing his horrible visage 
behind a silver vail, erected shrines 



"Where faith may mutter o'er her mystic spell, 

Written in blood, and bigotry may swell, 

The sail he spreads for Heayen with blasts from Hell," 




32 POLITICAL. 



Mr. Clay relates an interesting occurrence between 
his Father and John C. Brechinridge. 

I know Major Breckinridge well : He is not 
only my fellow-Kentuckian, but my fellow-towns- 
man also. We have differed in politics, but I 
have never heard but one opinion expressed of 
him — that he is an honorable, high-toned Ken- 
tucky gentleman. It affords me very great plea- 
sure to relate to you an incident which occurred in 
my presence, and which afforded as much gratifica- 
tion to my father as it was honorable and credit- 
able to Major Breckinridge. Very soon after his 
first election to congress, Major Breckinridge 
called upon my father, and I was present at the 
interview. "Mr. Clay, 77 said Major Breckinridge, 
(of course I can only give the substance,) "I have 
been elected from your old district, and am about 
to go, quite a young man, to Washington City. 
We have always differed, sir, in politics, but I have 
ever entertained the highest respect for you. I 
have no doubt but I shall often have occasion for 
good advice, and if you will allow me, sir, to do 
so, it will afford me great satisfaction to call freely 
upon you at Washington, and to be enabled to 
avail myself of your wisdom and great experi- 
ence. 77 

Fellow citizens, I have already occupied more 



T. G. PRATT. 33 

of your time than I had any right to expect would 
be given so attentively to every word that I have 
addressed to you. I thank you from the bottom 
of my heart. I trust that you will allow me, on 
taking my leave of you, to indulge the hope that 
my effort to direct your attention to the immi- 
nent danger which threatens our glorious Union 
may not be wholly without avail, and that you 
will, at any rate, fellow citizens, believe me in 
what I have said to you, to have been perfectly 
and entirely sincere. 



Extract from the Public Letter of Ex-Gov- 
ernor Pratt, of Md., to persuade his former 
Whig friends to vote for Buchanan. 

AUTHOR'S REMARKS. 

Had the election of Buchanan rendered this able letter no 
longer a practical document, no part of it would have found place 
in these pages, for "let by-goncs be by-gones." But Mr. 
Pratt's reasons why the Whigs of Mar}*land should unite with 
the Democracy have gained additional strength, by the result of 
the last election, as will be seen by the following outline of his 
argument. He assumed that the American party in Maryland 
on the slavery question was national,, and that the Democratic 
party and its Platform was also national on that subject, and 
identical with a previous Whig Platform ; that there should be 
but one national candidate in the field, as there was but one 
sectional candidate. The Whigs of Maryland were, therefore, 
under the strongest obligation of patriotism to go for the national 
candidate ; which in view of the whole nation was most likely 



34 POLITICAL. 

. to defeat the sectional candidate ; and that Buchanan was vastly 
stronger than Fillmore. The Whigs who voted for Fillmore, I 
suppose, by this time are willing to be called by the Know- 
Nothing Sunday name, Americans ! And I ask the Americans, 
one and all, what are you going to do in future ? You see the 
state of parties in the country, and you know full well that you 
must take one of three courses, viz. join the Black Republicans, 
and count a whole Black Republican, join the Democratic party 
in opposing the Black Republicans, or by keeping up the Ameri- 
can organization in Maryland neutralize power and thus count 
half a Black Republican. When you have read Mr. Pratt; to 
give his remarks a practical application, as things now stand, you 
have only to ask yourselves, "which of the two national organ- 
izations (American or Democratic) is the strongest against the 
sectional Black Republican organization ?" 

If you will let the ballot boxes at the last election answer the 
question, their response is as follows : Democracy is to Ameri- 
canism, in point of strength, as 174, (Buchanan's vote,) is to 8, 
(Fillmore's vote.) 

The case is rendered still stronger for the Democracy, by the 
fact that the 8, on the American side, is under the sole control 
of Maryland, to change whenever she pleases, but the 174 on the 
Democratic side is beyond her control, as it is beyond her borders. 

The controlling inquiry to the patriot now re- 
curs, which of the two national organizations can by 
his vote be made most certainly successful ? 

Every Maryland Whig will be bound by every 
tie of duty to vote as his judgment shall decide 
this question. 

It may not be immaterial to observe, that 
neither of the national nominees will obtain 
throughout this broad land any votes which will 






T. G. PRATT. 35 

not be cast by national conservative citizens, and 
it is to be regretted that in this crisis that vote 
should be divided between two national candi- 
dates whilst the entire anti-national vote will be 
concentrated upon the sectional nominee. To 
judge of the relative strength of the two national 
organizations, it is unne y to trace minutely 

the origin of the American party. It is sufficient 
to bring to your recollection that it was origin- 
ally composed, North and South, of the dk 
fled members of the two parties, and that in the 
North its original members were chiefly tin 
who opposed the conservative principle upon the 
slavery question, avowed in the platforms of the 
two old parties. It must not escape your recol- 
lection that upon the nomination of Messrs. Fill- 
more and Donelson.a large majority of the North- 
ern delegates seceded from the Convention, de- 
clared their intention not to support those nomi- 
nees, and subsequently united in the nomination of 
Mr. Fremont. This separation of the sectional 
from the national portion of the American party, 
has occurred in every Northern State in the Con- 
federacy. I deduce from these tacts, the nation- 
ality of the supporters of Messrs. Fillmore and 
Donelson, and I submit the inquiry for the hon- 
est decision of those to whom this paper is ad- 
dressed, what non-slaw-holding State can this na- 
tional branch of the American party, thus shorn 



36 POLITICAL. 

of the larger portion of its original strength, 
promise its nominees ? Let the Whigs of Mary- 
land ponder upon the view of this subject I have 
endeavored to present to their consideration, and 
no one of them will say that a single non-slave- 
holding State is certain for Fillmore and Donel- 
son. Time, / think, will develop the fact that 
Messrs. Fillmore and Donelson will be left with- 
out an electoral ticket in most of the free States, 
and it is at any rate the deliberate conviction of 
my judgment that they will not carry a single 
non-slave-holding State in the Union. If I am 
right, or even approximate the truth in the view I 
have taken, it will necessarily follow that any 
conservative vote for the American nominee 
North will be equivalent to a vote for Mr. Fre- 
mont, as it will be a vote taken from Mr. Bu- 
chanan, his only real competitor. 

It is clear, then, that to the South alone can 
the friends of Messrs. Fillmore and Donelson, 
look for the probable chance of an electoral vote ; 
and it is to the States of Maryland, Tennessee, 
Kentucky and Missouri, that they profess to look 
with the greatest hope of success. It is manifest, 
that if this hope were realized, it might, indeed, 
prevent the election of Messrs. Buchanan and 
Breckinridge by the people, but it would only 
throw the election of President into the present 
House of Representatives, composed as that House 



T. (;. PRATT. 37 

now is. Does not the election of this same Hou- 
after a contest of two months, of a Black Repub- 
lican Speaker, admonish us of the danger of such 
an experiment? Who can doubt that our politi- 
cal fabric would be shaken to its very foundations 
by this election of President being thrown upon 
the present House of Representatives? On the 
other hand, it is not certain beyond the contin- 
gency of a doubt, that the vote of the States in- 
dicated for Mr. Buchanan, when added to that 
of the other Southern States, would * his 

election, and the consequent safety of the Union ? 
It is obvious that in this condition of the canvac 
the only serious contest is that between Fremont 
and Buchanan : that the only possible result that 
the most sanguine of the friends of Fillmore and 
Donelson can hope to obtain is to carry the con- 
test into the House of Representatives. Who 
can conceive any thing more fatal to the peace of 
the country, more insane in political action, than 
such a course of conduct leading to such a result ? 
Suppose Mr. Fillmore to reach the House of Rep- 
resentatives with the votes of four or five Stat 
(his utmost possible strength,) no man can serious- 
ly contend that he would be elected President, 
and assuredly few will be found bold enough to 
assert that, under such circumstances, he ought 
to be. The only effect, then, of giving the elec- 
toral vote of any portion of the South to Mr. Fill- 
4 



38 POLITICAL. 

more, would be to transfer the contest between 
Mr. Buchanan and Fremont from the hustings to 
the House of Representatives ; and the danger to 
our country, now sufficiently menacing, would, in 
that event, be appalling indeed. Who can con- 
template the occurrence of such a contingency 
without feeling that he would be a traitor to his 
country if he failed to exert every possible effort 
to avert so awful a calamity ? 

I deem it, then, to be my duty, as well as that 
of all who believe with me, that the election of 
Fremont would be the death-knell of the Union, 
to unite in the support of Messrs. Buchanan and 
Breckinridge ; and I shall sustain their election 
to the best of my ability. Whilst I concede that 
there are certain principles hitherto professed by 
the party which nominated them that cannot re- 
ceive our support, yet, on the great issues of the 
constitutional rights of the South, the platform on 
which they stand, meets my cordial approval, and 
is in accordance with that of the party which I 
now address, and to whose kind favor I owe the 
honor of holding the seat I now occupy, and 
which I shall cease to hold after the 4th of March 
next by the fiat of that party to which Mr. Fill- 
more has attached himself, and which is now dom- 
inant in the Legislature of my native State. 

Let Maryland Whigs remember that the polit- 
ical battle now being fought is one of the deepest 



t. <;. PRATT. 39 

interest to them ; that the maintenance of the 
constitutional rights of the South is the issue ten- 
dered to the American people by the Democrat- 
ic party, and (as the Whigs have no candidate,) 
by that party alone ; that upon this issue the 
Republican party have staked the Union, and in 
such a battle, upon such an issue, they must be 
true to those who are doing battle in our behalf. 
It would l>e indeed sad, if, in such a contest, 
the conservative strength of the country should 
not be united; it would not be as strange as sad, 
if, in such a contest, Southern men should not be 
found battling shoulder to shoulder for the main- 
tenance of their own constitutional rights. 

In thus accomplishing what 1 believe to be a 
duty, I shall be inexpressibly gratified it' 1 shall 
find myself sustained by the approval of my fel- 
low Whigs, who have refused to abandon either 
the party or the principles in support of which 
we shall remain at perfect liberty to reorganize 
soon as our common efforts shall have succeeded 
in averting the perils that now threaten our be- 
loved country. 

THOMAS Gb PRATT. 



40 POLITICAL. 



Extracts from the Letter of the Hon. James 
A. Pearce, of Maryland, dated Washington, 
July 31st, 1856. The object of Mr. Pearce 
was the same as Mr. Pratt. 

I do not object to the sentiment of American 
nationality, properly limited and restrained. 
Indeed I think that our present system has made 
American citizenship too cheap. But I do not 
approve the mysterious system under which the 
American party, of which Mr. Fillmore is now the 
representative, was organized ; the oaths adminis- 
tered to members on initiation, and the discipline 
of the order, by which secrecy and obedience was 
secured. How far all this has been dispensed with 
I do not know. The original plan of their organ- 
ization I could not but condemn, as I do the 
adoption of any principle which founds a rule of 
political exclusion upon a diversity of religious 
faith. However modified in these respects their 
plan may now be, it is not necessary for me to 
inquire. The Northern wing of the party came 
into it, as I think, with purposes very different 
from those entertained by the rest. They adopt- 
ed it as a cloak to schemes which all of us in 
Maryland condemn and detest. The necessary 
affiliations of that wing of the party were with the 
anti-slavery men ; and, accordingly, we find the 
mask now thrown off by the most of them, and 



JAMBA A. PKAliCK. J 1 

see the development of their plans in such a 
measure as the personal liberty bill of Massachu- 
setts, which nullifies a law of Congress, violates 
the constitutional guarantee for the r ry of 

fugitives slaves, and creates the fiercest and most 
dangerous discord between the North and the 
South. 



The Designs of tht Republican Part//. 

The lone of the press in their interest, the 
speeches of many members of Cong ind of 

the amateur orators of the party, all clearly evince 
a determination to unite all the people of the 
free States, if possible, in fierce and relentless 
hostility to those of the South. It is in the strife 
of sections in which they hope to succeed : and in 
what would their success result ? Not in form- 
ing a more perfect union, not in establishing jus- 
tice or ensuring domestic tranquillity, all of which 
are among the declared objects of that Constitu- 
tion which AVashington and the other Fathers 
of the Republic gave to us ; but in the jeal- 
ousies, discord, and hatred inseparable from party 
"characterized by geographical discriminations." 
It was against this that the Father of his Country 
warned us in his farewell address — the last leg- 
acy of the spotless patriot, to the country he had 
loved and served so well. 
4* 



42 POLITICAL. 

At the Convention in Philadelphia, held by 
those who nominated Mr. Fremont, a conspicuous 
and distinguished gentleman, heretofore consider- 
ed moderate and conservative, made a speech, in 
which, amidst cheers and cries of "good," he spoke 
as follows : 

"They (meaning those who appointed the mem- 
bers of the convention,) ask us to give them a 
nomination, which, when fairly put before the 
people, will unite public sentiment, and through 
the ballot box, will restrain and repel this pro- 
slavery extension and this aggression of the slave- 
ocracy. What else are they doing ? They tell 
you they are willing to abide by the ballot box, 
and willing to make that the last appeal. If we 
fail there, what then ? We will drive it back 
sword in hand, and so help me God, I'm with 
them. 77 

It is true that the author of these remarks has 
since publicly avowed that he alone is responsi- 
ble for this rhapsody. But it cannot be doubted 
that the feeling which prompted him was the 
same which animated the preacher who proposed 
to supply the brethren in Kansas with bread and 
powder too, and which has stimulated other 
preachers and their congregations to subscribe 
Sharped rifles as the most efficacious instrument 
in the adjustment of the controversies in that 
Territory, which all good men deplore, however 



JAMBA A. PEARCE. 43 

they may differ as to the causes of the unhappy 
anarchy which prevails there. For myself, I i 
knowledge my duty to redress, bo far as I can, all 
the real grievances complained of in thai region; 
and I have supposed that the bill recently passed 
by the Senate was calculated to remedy them. 

In the most of the free States the masses of 
the Republican party are led by men who do not 
mean to be satisfied with any legislation which is 
not to result in placing the Government under 
their control; by men who say that the franc 
of the Constitution "made a compromise that 
cannot be mentioned without shame ;" who say 
of Mr. Fillmore, in allusion to his signing the 
fugitive slave bill, "better far had he never been 
born — better for his memory, and for the name 
of his children, had he never been President f 
who declare the bill to be "one of the immortal 
catalogues of national crimes/' and that he who 
signed it, thereby "sunk into the depths of infamy ;' 7 
who pronounce the fugitive slave to be "one of 
the heroes of the age, 77 and the master who de- 
mands him "a vile slave hunter/ 7 whom all men 
should look upon with contempt, indignation and 
abhorrence ; men who do not regard the Consti- 
tution, and the laws made in pursuance of it, as 
the supreme law of the land ; who disregard the 
decisions of that high tribunal whose office it is 
to decide the constitutional questions ; who claim 



44 POLITICAL. 

to set up their individual opinions against the of- 
ficial ones of the judicial authorities, and refer 
their obligations, not to the instrument which 
they have sworn to support, which is at once the 
bond and the principle of our Union, but to some 
"higher law," whose foundations are to be found 
in their own fanatical imaginations. Some of the 
leaders go further still, and consider slavery as a 
wrong so transcendant that it must not only be 
limited to its present bounds, but must be abol- 
ished altogether. 



The Conclusion of Mr. Pearcds letter, depicting 
our folly should ive suffer ourselves to he de- 
stroyed by internal discord — an appropriate 
classical allusion. 

Whatever the result, I shall be content if the 
dangerous excitement which threatens our peace 
and Union can be calmed down, so that the ex- 
treme opinions which have their roots in preju- 
dice and passion may wither away. Then a lib- 
eral forbearance and kindly toleration of different 
sentiments may resume their influence. If this 
cannot be done, if the South and the North are 
to regard one another as enemies, then sooner or 
later our "house, divided against itself/ 7 must 
fall. Then we shall have to say with Pantheus — 

Venit siimma dies et inelu Habile tempus Dardanicv. 



L. 0. B. I5RANCH. 45 

But ours will be a sadder fate than that of 
Priam's empire; for it was not the Dardanian 
people by whom the inevitable doom of Troy 
fixed. A foreign foe heat down her lofty 
walls and destroyed the high renown of Ten 
race ; but w r e shall fall by our own suicidal hands ; 
we will kindle the (lames which shall destroy the 
edifice of our constitutional Union : ourselves will 
break the bonds of harmonious interesl and fra- 
ternal concord which have held us together as 
one people. May Beaven inspire us with wis- 
dom to avert bo Bad a catastrophe I 

Very truly, my dear sir. your friend. 

J AS. AUTvKD PEARCB. 
To the Hon. J. R, Franklin, 

Snow Hill. Maryland. 



From the Speech of the Hon. Lawrence O. 
B. Branch, of North Carolina, on the Presi- 
dential Election, delivered in the House of 
Representatives, July 24, 1856. 

The High Character of Northern Democrats — 
the Democratic the only National Party. 

The noble and patriotic citizen of the North, 
who, scorning the demagogue cry of "slaveocra- 
cy" and "Southern domination," stands upon the 



46 POLITICAL. 

Constitution and fights for the Union, regardless 
of sections, encounters prejudices which dema- 
gogues excite against him. He maintains a cause 
which the ignorant and uninformed in his own 
section have been taught to believe hostile to 
their own interests. Ignorance, malice and fanat- 
icism taunt him as a doughface and a traitor. He 
withstands it all, because he is conscious of right, 
and fearless of consequences. But when he finds 
himself vilified at the North and unsupported at 
the South — when he sees a powerful party organ- 
ized in his own section, for the avowed purpose 
of giving that section pre-eminence over the 
South, and its citizens preference over the citizens 
of the South ; and when he sees a large party at 
the South refusing to co-operate with him to defeat 
that party, because he cannot, consistently with 
the principles on which he has planted himself, 
advocate a discrimination between the foreign 
born and native born citizen, he may falter in his 
efforts. When he sees a large part of the South 
advocating a discrimination between the citizens 
of the country, therein differing from the Black 
Republicans only as to the class against whom 
the principle is applied, may he not commence to 
inquire whether our aims are more justifiable and 
constitutional, in this respect, than those of the 
Black Republicans? 

The Democratic party is the only party in the 



L. O. U. BRANCH. 47 

country standing upon the Constitution, and 
maintaining all its provisions, regardless of 
tions or of sectional prejudices. It lias exk 
since the foundation of the government, main- 
taining itself through all the mutations of pari 
of men, and of political issues. T that it 

has occasionally done wrong is only to attribute 

to it the character which the Almighty has 

stamped on all his work. Nothing is infallible 

but the all- wise and unseen God, I claim not for 
the Democratic party any greater perfection than 

belongs to the fallible men of whom it i> com- 
posed. But it has always maintained its strength 
equally over the whole Union, because its prin- 
ciples have always been the principles of the Con- 
stitution, which was intended to guard and pro- 
tect, and foster the whole Union alike. What- 
ever party undertakes to supplant it must ne< 
sarily become sectional, or one-ideaed, because it 
already occupies all the ground the Constitution 
affords for any party to stand on. The Know- 
Nothing party has only Buffered the fate of all its 
predecessors ; and it has only met its fate more 
suddenly and more disastrously than its prede- 
cessors ; because it started as a sectional party, 
whilst all others have started as national, and 
have only become sectional after long years of 
defeat and disappointment. 



48 POLITICAL. 



Remarks of the Author in the Democratic 
State Convention in the Spring of 1856. 

Mr. President — If, in a few remarks which I 
propose to offer, I allude for a moment to my own 
political position, I beg the Convention to believe 
that the entire importance which I attach to it, 
consists in the fact that there are "a few more of 
the same sort." I belonged to the Whig school 
of politics until it was apparent to everybody, 
that that honored institution was to be broken 
up, and that its members, in their dispersion, must, 
of necessity, be governed by their individual pro- 
clivities in their future associations. The Know- 
Nothing deluge was then in its fullest "tide of 
successful experiment," and threatened to engulph 
not only the Whig party but the whole world. 
But be the consequences as they might, I found it 
impossible for me to become assimilated to that 
nocturnal fraternity, by going to a lodge and 
being drawn through the hole of initiation. I 
was in daily intercourse with a few other Whigs 
and many Democrats, who thought and felt as I 
did, that a most unprecedented, unscrupulous ef- 
fort was being made to introduce midnight oath- 
bound secrecy, as a standing element in the organ- 
ization of political parties in this country. We 
believed also, that success in this attempt, would 



JAMES RAYMOND. 49 

be attended with the most serious consequences. 
That it would end in a conversion of our free 
government into the most odious of all despot- 
isms, a secret despotism. Such a belief waa well 
calculated to make WhigB and Democrats forget 
those threadbare, by-gone distinctions, and to or- 
ganize in such shape as would best enable us to 
co-operate in putting down bo great an evil. A 
meeting was called for that purpose. The court 
house was crowded to overflowing. But like the 
Grecian horse, three-fourths of ite conl 
the enemies of Troy. The I politicians had 

the politeness to come and break up our meetu 
But that very outrage was the commencement of 
re-action in Carroll county, which ha 
ed, and which, I trusl in God, will not cease, until 
Know-Nothingism is driven from her borde 
That very outrage enabled the honest yeomanry 
of the land to see with their own nd to 

hear with their own ears, what Know-Xothingism 
was. and of what it was capable. Upon the con- 
servatives, the Constitution loving, law and order 
portion of the community, it was a welding heat. 
To the Democrats, who said we will surrender all 
for the sake of union against that unholy taction ; 
the Whigs who were co-operating with them, re- 
plied : u So tar as the name is concerned, you shall 
surrender nothing. Our next meeting shall be 
under the hickorv tree, and see if the Know- 
5 



50 POLITICAL. 

Nothings will come and demolish that. It was 
under the hickory tree and should have been 
there at first. For, Mr. President, what is the 
use of a third party, to oppose the combined forces 
of Black Republicans and Know-Nothings against 
the Democracy at the present time ? I leave it to 
the old line Whigs to answer the question, and 
to act accordingly. They are intelligent and far 
seeing. If, in their inmost soul, they prefer De- 
mocracy to Black Republicanism, they will be 
with us. 

I do not mean by this, that the Know-Nothings 
of Maryland, generally speaking, are Black Re- 
publicans at heart. But, sir, in view of the whole 
Union, the Democracy is the only efficient oppo- 
nent of Black Republicanism, and, therefore, who- 
ever weakens the Democracy is of necessity a 
"hewer of wood and drawer of water/ 7 for the 
standard bearers of the black flag. But we ask 
not the old line Whigs to hew and draw for us. 
There are no first, second, and third degrees in 
the Democratic party. No outsiders. In other 
words, we deny that there is anything repulsive 
about us, like oaths and secrets, with their signs, 
grips and pass-words, which should keep a man 
at arms length, who is with us in our measures. 
We say then to the old line Whigs, if you are with 
us upon present issues, patriotism forbids you to 
stand aloof on account of past differences. With 



JAMES RAYMOND. 51 

fair and open dealing for our rule of action, civil 
and religious liberty for our rallying cry, we a 
you to decide between us and the so-called Amer- 
ican party, which no name can con- while 
the god of darkness is its tutelar divinity, with 
proscription and intolerance emblazoned upon 
flag. Can such an enemy, fellow Democn 
formidable? True, they beat us lad year. But 
bear in mind that the old WTlig line are not half 
so sure now as it was at the last election, that it 
is wrong to do right because Democrats do the 
same; and this conscientious scruple lost us at 
least two thousand vot i 

Mr. President, this is not the place for I 
speeches, and I will conclude by Baying, that if 
there was ever a serious doubt as to the practical 
tendency of Know-Nothingism upon our institu- 
tions, that doubt was settled by the farce which 
was enacted last winter at Annapolis. The Know- 
Nothings being strongly in the majority in the 
House of Delegates, that honorable body, at the 
i instance of their party leader, appointed a com- 
mittee, himself the chairman, and in the majority 
of that committee, with plenary powers to send 
for papers and witnesses and to take testimony 
upon oath in relation to the existence and char- 
acter of political societies, "secret or open.' 7 
That committee, sir, held the position of a jury 
of inquest, and their charge was not only to dili- 



52 POLITICAL. 

gently inquire and true presentment make, but 
also to endorse the testimony upon the indict- 
ment. In what manner did they perform their 
solemn duties ? Which oath did they keep ? The 
oath provided by the Constitution or the one pro- 
vided by the Grand Know-Nothing Council ? But 
sir, that committee, I mean the majority of it, was 
destined to show up Know-Nothingism in its true 
light, if not by the testimony of its apostles, at 
least by their acts. And it is now on record in 
eternal proof to the world, that a Know-Nothing 
Legislature is so destitute of those old fashioned 
qualities, which I need not name, that it cannot 
trust a committee of its body with the simple 
commission to take evidence in relation to issues 
under its consideration. Far be it from me to 
bring personal charges. My position here and 
elsewhere has always been, that the evils of Know- 
Nothingism are inherent in the system. No man 
can put that system in practice without falling 
under conflicting obligations at every turn in life. 
It is at war with the foundation principles of hu- 
man intercourse, as jointly understood by the 
statesman, the christian, the moralist, and the 
man of the world. 



JAMKS RAYMOND. 53 

A Speech deemed appropriate for a Know- 
Nothing Orator, for the 4th of July. 

To the Editor of the Carroll County Democrat : 

Dear Sir : — The Know-Nothings of the county 
have issued their circular, with the heading: 

Fourth of July, 1855. 

11 American Meeting for the Demonstration of 

American PrvndpU 

The call invokes a party rally at Westminster, 
"for the commemoration of our National Inde- 
pendence/' and promises that "distinguished 
speakers will be present and address the meet- 
ing." I have been thinking what would be an 
appropriate speech for one of these distinguished 
Know-Nothing speakers to make to his Know- 
Nothing audience. 

Having committed the result of my thoughts 
to paper, I forward them to you for insertion in 
the Democrat. If apology be necessary for thus 
manifesting a willingness to appear before the 
public, I will say that I look upon Know-Xoth- 
ingism as despotism in its most odious form. 
Whenever it shall rule America, whether under 
the name of Americans or any other name, the 
spirit of the Constitution is dead ; that sacred 
instrument will exist only in form, through which 
5* 



54 POLITICAL. 

form a self-created secret society will tyrannize 
over a people that once were free. Caligula, who 
has headed the list of tyrants for nearly two 
thousand years, because he placed his laws beyond 
the reading of the people, will be overtopped by 
a government which none who know it can re- 
veal, without exposure to those imputations of 
perjury which would be used to break down their 
evidence. In view of these threatened evils, I 
regard these United States as in session in com- 
mittee of the whole on the state of the Union, 
and that every citizen has a right to the floor as 
he can get it. As a mode of expressing my ab- 
horrence of the secret order, I suppose one of 
them to be addressing other members and their 
sympathizers at the above mentioned celebration, 
and respectfully put into his mouth the subjoined 
as an appropriate speech for him to make on such 
an occasion. 

The public's humble servant, 

JAMES RAYMOND. 
Westminster, July 4, 1855. 



THE ADDRESS 



FelloAV Know-Nothings — Under the white- 
wash name of " American Party," we have assem- 
bled to cover ourselves with dark renown, and to 



JAMES RAYMOND. 55 

desecrate the nation's birth-day by devoting it to 
party strife, instead of uniting with all our fellow 
citizens in one national tribute of respect to the 
memory of the illustrious dead, and in one har- 
monious voice of gratitude to God for his signal 
blessings upon our common country. 

As your mouth-piece, under the circumstances 
in which we have most unfortunately placed our- 
selves, what shall be my topics? Certainly not 
the achievements of Washington and his com- 
patriots, for no inconsiderable portion of tin 
associates were of foreign birth, sharing the perils 
and labors of that trying hour with the native 
born, imitating the bravery of their illustrious 
leader, and enjoying his unlimited confidence. 
In such connection, how could I avoid honorable 
mention of that German, Baron De Kail) ; that 
Polander, Pulaski ; that Prussian, Baron Steuben ; 
that Scotchman of the wave, John Paul Jom 
that Irishman, Montgomery ; that cosmopolite, 
(for in the wideness of his philanthropy, he be- 
longed not to France, but to the world,) General 
La Fayette ! But time would fail me, fellow 
Know-Nothings, to make mention of the entire 
galaxy of the patriot compeers of Washington, 
who left the security, ease and affluence of their 
native land to share the soldier's toils in the strike 
for American Independence. Let " Americans 
rule America," is the rallying cry with us, but let 



56 POLITICAL. 

Americans defend America was not the watch- 
word with them. Their minds were too capacious 
for such little things, and in the fullness of their 
hearts they said, "No North, no South, no East, 
no West," no Continents, but where liberty is 
struggling for existence, there are we. 

It was an ill-judged movement, fellow Know- 
Nothings, on our part, to have come up hither 
this day to listen to the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. The very reason which that instrument 
assigns for its propriety is as blasting as mildew 
to the all-pervading element of our mysterious 
Order : "A decent respect for the opinions of 
mankind." What respect do we manifest for the 
opinions of mankind, when we envelop ourselves 
in midnight darkness that we may take from them 
the means of forming an opinion. Indeed, that 
sacred instrument every where breathes a spirit 
which must crimson the Know-Nothing cheek 
with the blush of shame, though made of ada- 
mant. We cannot even glance at the names of 
its signers without self-reproach. Our own 
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, pledging his life, 
his fortune, and his sacred honor, in support of 
American Independence, and he no patriot be- 
cause he was a Catholic ! And where are we who 
maintain this doctrine ? In Carroll county, where, 
twenty years ago, we had this name inserted 
in our new county bill to gain favor with the 



■ 



JAMES RAYMOND. 57 

Maryland people. To soften into a gratification 
of our wishes, by showing our respect to their 
own preference, the survivor of the Signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. To have spoken 
or written then that Charles Carroll could not 
have been a patriot because he was a Catholic 
would have been regarded a foul and putrid 
slander, not only upon the memory of the man, 
but upon the State and the nation. 

Fellow Know-Xothings, before another mid- 
night shall breaken into day, let your Grand 
Council issue their mandate that the Declaration of 
American Independence shall never again be read 
in the hearing of their vassals. Let these new- 
fledged American despots so far dismiss prejudice 
as to learn wisdom from their brother tyrants of 
the Old World, who hate the declaration of Amer- 
ican Independence as their master the Prince of 
Darkness, hates holy water — who, instead of 
reading it to the minions of their power, would 
burn it from existence if they could. What has 
a "mysterious Order' of first, second and third 
degrees of Grand and Subordinate Councils, with 
oath-bound subjects, to do with an instrument 
which teaches the freedom and equality of man ? 
What has religious bigotry and intolerance to do 
with a paper which, without history to in- 
form us, bears internal evidence of proceeding 
from the pen which also wrote that "our civil 



58 POLITICAL. 

rights have no dependence upon our religious 
opinions ? To proscribe any man as unworthy 
the public confidence by laying upon him an in- 
capacity of being called to offices of trust and 
emolument, unless he profess or renounce this or 
that religious opinion, is depriving him injuriously 
of those privileges and advantages, to which, 
in common with his fellow citizens, he has a 
mutual right." What have Know-Nothings to do 
with the productions of a pen which also wrote 
that Virginia act of religious toleration which 
her patriotic sons have so recently confirmed by 
their viva voce — yea, by their ever living voice ? 

If you will pardon the candor, my fellow Know- 
Nothings, I will now, as a parting favor, inform 
you when it is that you make your biggest mis- 
take. It is, when you call yourselves the Ameri- 
can party; for every word of that, besides con- 
tributing largely to the general blunder, is an 
error by itself. You are not American in your 
principles, and you are not a party in your organ- 
ization, but a secret, oath-bound political society. 

Fellow citizens: (For our Know-Nothing ac- 
counts are closed.) It is not our conspicuous lot 
to participate in putting forth the Declaration of 
a Nation's Independence. But we have it in our 
power to contribute our mite to the perpetuity of 
that Independence by declaring our own. And 
for myself, here, in the presence of God and the 



JAMES RAYMOND. 59 

nation, on the glorious anniversary of its birth, I 
announce my withdrawal from the "mysterious 
order. 77 I resume my individuality among men 
on earth, and declare myself an American free- 
man. I shall act hereafter with as much inde- 
pendence of the grand council as of the grand 
mogul. No earthly power shall control me in 
matters of religious faith, and what I claim for 
myself I accord to others. In my political con- 
duct I shall henceforth know no restraints but 
the Constitution and the laws. Within their 
limits, when I go to the polls, I shall exercise my 
own individual sovereignty in casting my ballot, 
untrammelled by Know-Nothing oaths, and Know- 
Nothing allegiance. If at this parting, you say 
to me, stranger, whither bound, I am ready for 
the question. "Of this be sure : ,J I shall go where 
no obligation will rest upon me to conceal my 
tracks; for of degrading, untruthful, demoraliz- 
ing, abject, slavish concealment, I have had a suf- 
ficiency for a life-time. I shall go somewhere, 
\ which is equivalent to informing you that I shall 
1 not go to what remains of the great Whig party, 
for that is no where. They deserve credit for not- 
yielding to the temptation of joining the unprin- 
• cipled Know-Nothings as a means of triumph 
| over their former opponents, the Democrats. But 
how shall I defend them from the charge of suf- 
i fering party pride to palsy their arm — to keep 



60 POLITICAL. 

them from uniting with men who are now battling 
for principles which they approve, because of dif- 
ferences of opinion on former issues ? Truer than 
the "needle to the pole/ 7 which has its variations, 
the undeviating patriot goes for his country with- 
out stopping to inquire who goes with him. I 
would as soon belong to a neutral fire company 
as to a neutral party in times like these. 

From these negative answers to the question 
whither bound, the affirmative may be easily in- 
ferred. But I have so long been deprived of the 
luxury of frankness that it gives me pleasure to 
speak it out : I shall join the Democracy. And, 
to raise, for a moment, a question of great prac- 
tical importance, it may be assumed that Demo- 
crats are my political opponents. Under this hy- 
pothesis, already do I hear the Know-Nothing cry, 
how can Whigs unite with Democrats? Yes, 
Whig Know-Nothings can traverse sea and land 
to make one proselyte from the Democratic ranks ; 
but how can Whigs unite with Democrats? The 
Whigs and Democrats in a Know-Nothing lodge 
can place their hands together upon the same 
Bible to jeopard their souls by the same unholy 
oaths, and wear out midnight in the joint busi- 
ness of destroying the liberties of their country, 
by a society despotism, but "how can Whigs unite 
with Democrats? 77 The unsuspecting honest De- 
mocrat who objects "to take a walk 77 because he 



JAMES RAYMOND. Gl 

would not change his political faith, can 

Mired 1)}' Whig Know-Nothings, that Democracy 
and the Secret Ordet are not in conflict, that he 
can he as good a Democrat after tlic mysterious 
key has 1m 'en turned upon hi in as before, but how 

e;in Whigs unite with Democrat 

This "how can Whigs unite with Den 
but a Enow-Nothing howl of despair. For tin 

do know that when that union takes place their 
death warrant is sealed. Fellow Whigs of olden 
time, who detesl the Know-Xothiie n ap- 

preciate your partiality for the name of \Vh : 
associated as it is with the life of Henry ( 'lay. 
Your very detestation of the midnights is proof 
that you arc among the warmest admirers of that 
frank-hearted, bold-spoken, day-ligh an. 

But I ask you to remember his words on a try- 
ing emergency in reference to himself: "Wha1 
a public man worth, what is any man worth that 
will not sacrifice himself for the g<tod of his coun- 
try? You will readily make the application. 
What is the Whig party worth, what is any party 
worth that will not sacrifice itself for the good of 
the country ? And can it be doubted that the 
sacrifice is required ? That the good of the coun- 
try would be promoted by a general rush of Anti- 
Know-Xothing Whigs, into the ranks of the De- 
mocracy to strengthen her gallant columns against 
Know-Xothing abominations? Why sit longer 
6 



62 POLITICAL. 

upon the fence. Everything is developed. The 
Know-Nothings and the Democrats and they only 
are in possession of the field. Virginia on the 
twenty-fourth of May. Who but Know-Nothings 
and Democrats were to be found within the limits 
of her wide domain. And so of the recent elec- 
tions in New Hampshire and Connecticut, where 
the Whigs had tickets. But how many could they 
poll ? Hardly a corporal's guard, while the De- 
mocratic ranks were nearly full. Test it as you 
will, and you will find, my fellow citizens, that 
the great Whig party, has so generally skulked in 
darkness, or united with the Democrats, that 
those who are left must also pursue the one course 
or the other. 

And why not take up your line of march at 
once ? It is useless to wait for Philadelphia lus- 
trations, so to purify Know-Nothingism that it 
shall not be offensive. Its wool-died infamy can 
never be washed out. Cleansing destroys it, 
warp and woof. Embrace it as it is, or rally as 
one man, under the proud banner which has so 
gloriously commenced its triumph in the land of 
Washington and Jefferson, and give no quarter 
until the "Mysterious Order" shall be decently 
buried by the side of its twin brother in secret 
treason, the Hartford Convention. 



WAY HE. G3 



From the Carroll County Democrat. 

I must ask you, Democrats of Carroll, to suf- 
fer one of your number to rouse you from your 
political slumbers, that you may buckle on your 
armor for the great, the final conflict in Novem- 
ber. Already are our friends in the field ; and, 
as for our Know-Xothing enemies, they are 
never out of it, though, like the pestilence that 
walks in darkness, we see them not. Their only 
places of public discussion are the pulpits of their 
preachers, who in this age of progress, have sub- 
stituted political lectures for old fashioned ser- 
mons on morality and religion. The Black Re- 
publican wing of the opposition go a step further 
and convert the sanctuary of God into an arsenal 
of Sharpens rifles. Remember the issues ! Shall 
the White House become the joint inheritance of 
sectional and intolerant Fremonters and Fill- 
moreans, or shall its hospitalities be administered 
by James Buchanan, as heretofore, to the entire 
people, and to all nations without regard to place 
of birth, and irrespective of religious belief? 
Your apathy, with such issues at stake, is so dis- 
couraging, that if Know-Xothingism was not a 
more abominable concoction than the hell-broth 
of Shakspeare's witches, I would swallow it in 



64 POLITICAL. 

double doses, and proclaim myself "an old line 
Whig." 

I would urge you, therefore, to organize in 
every election district ; discuss the issues before 
the people, and in your discussions throw light 
as well as heat. Give us facts and we can make 
arguments for ourselves. Show up the Know- 
Nothing mistakes. Show the people that James 
Buchanan, so far from circulating the slander of 
bargain and corruption against Henry Clay, was 
among the first to nail it to the counter. Show 
the people that the ten cents a day for labor story 
is indeed a story which Satan himself would dis- 
dain to tell — a bigger one was never put forth 
by the grand Know T -Nothing Council of Philadel- 
phia, or the grand assembly of Pandemonium. 
As base and bottomless a falsehood as that which 
the enemies of General Jackson told, when they 
circulated a handbill of barn door dimensions, 
having on it the three coffins of the three Tennes- 
see soldiers, which the old hero murdered for 
sport ! And yet these old line Whigs can never 
be Democrats, because in times of high party ex- 
citement the Democracy did not sing hosannahs 
to the great Whig leader, Henry Clay. But with 
what effect did the enemies of Old Hickory per- 
petrate mistcJces until angels wept ? It filled the 
honest yoemanry of the land with just indigna- 
tion, and they would have taken the war-worn 



wavm;. (55 

patriot to the White House at the cost of canal- 
ing Niagara Falls, or tunnelling the Rocky Moun- 
tains. So will it be with the propagators of the 
ten cent slander. Every time it is uttered it 
gives to Millard Fillmore an Irish hoist — one 
peg lower — and swells the vote of James Bu- 
chanan. 

At a crisis like this, though naturally diffident 
and tongue-tied, I could almost make a speech 
myself. "Let Americans rule America" — a mis- 
erable abbreviation for outside work. Under the 
keys, it reads, "Let American Khow-Nothing 
Lodges rule America.' 1 But even in its abbrevi- 
ated form, what is it but a gull catcher, which 
has obtained a place in party politics by misuser 
and abuse ? In its ordinary acceptation, its 
meaning is, that the American government shall 
abide where our Revolutionary Fathers placed 
it ; in the hands of the people in America, and 
suffer no transfer to the powers of other climes. 
Thus understood, its place is with the truisms 
of which no mention need be made, because they 
command universal assent. "Let Americans 
rule America" is a proper adjunct to the senti- 
ment, "Let God govern the world.' ' The in- 
troduction of either into party strife (and the 
Know-Nothings have introduced both) is an at- 
tempt to impose upon the credulous and mislead 
the ignorant. Wrested from its appropriate 
6* 



66 POLITICAL. 

meaning, and prostituted to the vile purposes of 
establishing odious distinctions among ourselves ; 
we admit its power to inflame a mob, and leave 
it with our opponents to guard the polls on the 
day of election. For our political guide, we pre- 
fer its antipode, so beautifully expressed by Gen- 
eral Cass. "The Government is founded upon 
the will of all, administered by the power of all, 
protecting the rights of all, while all have equal 
access to its honors and its rewards." 

Milk and water politicians we never admired, 
and this is not the time to adopt their practice 
by being an old line Whig. He that loves not 
Democracy now, loves not the country. De- 
mocracy is at this moment the great sheet-anchor 
of the Union — the only conservative national 
party — for all other parties merge their national- 
ity in fanatical extremes. But Democracy, mild 
and conservative Democracy, like the noon-day 
sun at the Equator, shines upon all, and casts no 
shadow. For example, upon the much agitated 
slavery question, she holds the medium ground 
that like every political question, it must submit 
to the great Democratic principle that "the peo- 
ple are capable of self government." Kansas 
must speak for Kansas, on the subject of domes- 
tic slavery in her own borders. The so-called 
Missouri compromise was a political absurdity. 
How can it be that in 1856 Kansas is deprived of 



THE AVALANCHE. 67 

the right of self government, because in 1820 her 
neighbor, Missouri, enjoyed thati right Equal 

rights among States is the whole of the Constitu- 
tion, and its details are only the carrying out of 
this one principle. Strong language, if you 
please, when literally construed, but as a figure 
of speech, it but feebly represents the all-pervad- 
ing sentiment of our confederated government, 
that the States are equal, and so are the Territo- 
ries. The word "State," by its own vigor, every 
where conveys the same identical meaning. The 
stars of our national (lag are all of the same mag- 
nitude. However much the States of Massachu- 
setts and South Carolina may unfortunately dif- 
fer in all things else, while they continue mem- 
bers of our glorious Union, they are. in political 
rights, the same. 

WAYNE. 



A U T H 11 ' S REM A B K S . 

To prevent hasty conclusions, unfavorable to the success of 
the Democratic party in the last Presidential campaign, it was 
necessary for it to address itself most powerfully to the under- 
standing of the public. Its opponents attempted to make it the 
scapegoat of all that was wrong, or imagined to be wrong any- 
where, or with any body : every Kansas row, real or of newspa- 
per fabrication, was attributed to unwise legislation of the Dem- 
ocratic party, or the maladministration of the Democratic exec- 
utive. When we denounced the Republican party as sectional, 



68 POLITICAL. 

the "poisoned chalice was commended to our own lips," upon the 
ground that the Republican party traced its paternity in a direct 
line to Democratic violations of sacred compromises and pledges. 

In like manner the odious features of Know-Nothingism were 
vindicated as necessities which naturally flowed from Democrat- 
ic corruptions. To disabuse the public mind, it was rendered 
intensely suspicious, from the circumstance that an important 
election was pending, was a task that required the unwearied 
exertions of that array of talent which is to be found in the 
Democracy, in all its positions in society. It was not sufficient 
that able men in Congress there vindicated the administration 
and the party that put it into power ; that vindication, like blood 
from the heart, was to be circulated to the remotest extremity of 
our social system. 

The Democratic meetings, are, therefore, among those features 
of it which deserve special notice, and as a specimen, I give en- 
tire the following report of one by a Committee appointed for 
that purpose : 

But, as the old lady from Pennsylvania said of Delaware 
thunder, "That's a heavy clap, considering the size of the 
State !" so in estimating mass meetings, it is proper to take 
into view the size of the place. The reader is, therefore, in- 
formed that though Westminster has great expectations from the 
Western Maryland Railroad, at present her population is not 
over a thousand. 



The Avalanche, or Grand Rally Mass Meet- 
ing and Barbecue of the Democracy of 
Carroll County, at Westminster, on the 23d. 

The undersigned having been appointed a 
Committee to make and publish a Report of the 
above mentioned Meeting, $fc., proceed to per- 
form their duties as follows : 



Till: AVALANCHE. 69 

In the first place, they hope to be excused for 
any departure from custom, which may be laid 
to their charge, for adopting a plain, unvarnished 

style, leaving the facts which they narrate, to 
make their appropriate impression on the public 
mind and heart. 

Chief Marshal — Hon. Jacob Shower, dec 
nated by a white Bash. 

Aids, designated by <t red sash. — Robert T. Ship- 
ley, Kobert Dade. George Kedman, Geo. W. 
Manro, Daniel Stull. Wm« >ose, James 

Earhart. 

Committee of ll< a jiftnit. designated by a yellow 
sash. — James L. Hoover, Hanson T. Webb, 
Upton Scott, Joseplms Hoppe, Wm. Fowler, Win- 
Frizzle. Wm. Fisher. Joseph Spurrier, Thou 
B. Gist, Jacob Zackarias, Wm. Miller, Edward 
Lynch, Josiah Shipley. 

Orator* of flu Da;/. — Ex-Governor Pratt, Hon. 
Kobt. M. McLane. Francis Gallagher, Presiden- 
tial Elector. 

Committee of Arrangements. — Wm. X. Hay den, 
Wm. Byers. J. T. M. Wharton. Abner Xeal and 
Ira E. Crouse. 

The District Marshals who were designated by 
a blue sash, will be mentioned in connection with 
their districts. 

There were various other committees and per- 
sons who officiated by appointment of the Com- 



70 POLITICAL. 

mittee of Arrangements, and all performed their 
duties so well that we regret we cannot point 
them out to their fellow citizens. 

The Procession. — In compliance with a publish- 
ed programme, at an early hour the weather 
being pleasant and mild, the various distinctive 
elements of the grand whole were seen gathering 
at the points assigned them for forming the pro- 
cession, which, when formed on Main street, 
moved towards Baltimore, to the top of Mitten's 
Hill, and, as far as the lots of Mr. Lawrence 
Zepp, who had generously thrown them open, 
crossing which to the Old Baltimore Road, it pro- 
ceeded thence to its junction with Main street, 
in which it passed again through town, to the 
Littlestown Pike, up it to Liberty street, through 
to the Union Town Pike along it and Main street, 
through town, until, having passed Mourer's Tav- 
ern, the procession crossed town lots to its left, 
and the alley into Mr. John Fisher's inclosures, 
which, being thrown together, constituted a 
beautiful and extensive grass field and wood, 
which had been prepared. 

Order of the Procession, and some of its promi- 
nent features. 

The Chief Marshal and Aids on horseback. 
Committee of Reception on horseback. 
Orators of the day in the beautiful two horse 






THE AVALA> T CIIL. 71 

carriage of John D. Powder, Esq., who had caused 
the same, and its noble steeds, to be decorated 
with flags, evergreens, wreaths, and whatever 
could impart liveliness and beauty. The orators 
were accompanied by Dr. Wharton, of Baltimore. 

Manchester band on foot. 

Delegations from other States. 

Littlestown Delegation. Hanover Delegation, 
and all other citizens from Pennsylvania, number- 
ing in all, as we are informed, one hundred and 
twenty-five. In front a splendid decorated 
wagon drawn by eight horses, bearing a banner 
inscribed Littlestown Delegation and Pennsyl- 
vania Democracy. Reversed side, "Did you hear 
from Pennsylvania V } There was in the proces- 
sion another banner, as follows : ''Pennsylvania 
gone for the Union. She has spoken. " Various 
other devices and insignia. A wagon suspend- 
ing a bell, ringing or tolling, as the hearer may 
fancy, attracted much attention. In taking leave 
of the noble sons of the Keystone State, who 
honored us with their presence, we ask permis- 
sion to offer the following sentiment : 

"By the side of Pennsylvania, Maryland is safe, 
while the Union lasts, but no longer. The wing 
of her Eagle is our protection ; but its talons who 
can stand V 1 

Delegations from other counties in Maryland. 

Baltimore County. — Reisterstown Delegation. 



72 POLITICAL. 

In front, an omnibus drawn by ten horses, rich 
in trappings and decorations of various descrip- 
tions, especially wreaths of evergreens and flow- 
ers. Banner — "Our whole country! 77 

Frederick County. — Delegation from Liberty 
District. In front, a wagon appropriately dec- 
orated. Banner — "Democracy and the Consti- 
tution! 77 Reversed side, "No Religious Test! 77 

Mechanicstown Delegation. In front, a wagon 
with Mechanicstown band. Banner — Old Buck 
and Young Kentuck. The Constitution as it is. 77 
Reversed side, "The Union of States. 77 

Carroll County. — District No. 1, Taney town. 
District Marshal, Wm. Fisher, designated by blue 
sash, as were all the District Marshals. In front, 
a wagon with eight horses handsomely decorated, 
bearing a banner with the following mottoes : 
"Buchanan and Breckinridge, District No. 1, all 
is well. 77 Reversed side, "Wages advanced to 
12| cents. 77 Various other insignia. The turn- 
out of this district, cortfpared with its Democratic 
rote last year was strong. 

District No. 2, or Uniontown. District Mar- 
shal, John C. Cookson. In front, a wagon and 
horses handsomely decorated, bearing a banner 
with the following: "Buck and Breck, District 
No. 2. 77 Device: Scales with Buchanan on one 
side, and Fremont and Fillmore on the other, the 
two last named gentlemen kicking the beam. 



THE AVALANCHE. 73 

Excellent, said we ; excellent, said everybody 
who saw it. Another banner. Device : the 
rising sun. Motto: "District Nb« _. Daylight 
Club : Light for all. 77 

District No. 3, Myer's. District Marahal, 
Samuel Cover. We thought we had se< m BOme- 
thing before this noble sprig of Democracy 
boomed into view, but after that we knew we 
had seen something! In front, a wagon with 
some twelve wheels and thirty-two horses, all 
over inscribed with the like of this : "The Union 
shall not be divided" — "Come all ye who are in 
favor of civil and religious liberty, and vote for 
Buchanan and Breckinridge 77 — "Be just and fear 
not ; let all the ends thou ainvst at be thy country 7 s. 77 
Its tasteful banner told its own history, as fol- 
lows : "Presented by the Democracy of Carroll." 
Reversed side : "Myer's, the Banner District, 
1856, always right. 77 

No. 4, Woolcry's, District Marshal, Wm. Stans- 
berry. In front, a wagon with eight wheels and 
drawn by eighteen horses. Banner, "District No. 
4, Buchanan and Breckinridge. 77 Reversed side, 
"The Union. No proscription. 77 The delegation 
had another wagon drawn by ten horta 

The paramount attraction of this delegation 

was a hickory tree with a lad in the top of it, 

who seemed as much at home there as a squirrel. 

That chap will never be a Know-Nothing. The 

7 



74 POLITICAL. 

turn-out of this banner district for Sam last year f 
has given him fits. Well may he tremble. 

District No. 5, Freedom. District Marshal, 
Edward Shipley. In front, a wagon drawn by 
eight horses handsomely decorated, having in it 
a hickory pole, with the following inscription : 
"Freemen rally around this tree. In storms its 
boughs have sheltered thee." Banner, "Buck, 
Breck and the Union." 

In this district the Democracy have always had 
a fearful opposition to contend against. But 
their indifference to odds reminds us of an anec- 
dote of antiquity. When the Spartan band at 
Thermopylae were told that their enemies were 
so numerous that they could over-shadow them 
with their darts, they coolly replied, "then we 
shall fight in the shade." 

District No. 6, or Manchester. District Mar- 
shal, John C. Rice. In front, a wagon similar to 
the one from No. 3 ; but while we would give 
her all due praise, we must bear in mind her in- 
vincible Democratic strength, in describing which, 
we beg leave to quote as follows, from the poet's 
corner of the Democrat, a few weeks since, where 
is to be found that poetic effusion, entitled, Why 
don't ye cry ; or, the death-knell of Sam in Car- 
roll county. 

"Manchester District No. six, 

Is where Sain gets the dryest licks — 



THE AVALANCHE. 75 

Nay, worse than cuffs, they give him kicks, 
And pelt him hard with gtone3 and bricks. 

The fur must fly, 

And Sam must die — 

Why don't ye cry? 

If we may judge from the turn-out we are de- 
scribing, the next time Manchester District licks 
Sam, she will lay him out for good. 

District No. 8, Hampstead. Marshal, D. L. 
Hoover. In front, a wagon with various insignia, 
but the pole that knocked the persimmons wi 
hickory tree, with its top encircled by a most 
beautiful wreath of evergreens and flowers. Ban- 
ner, not recollected. Large turn out of voters. 

District No. 9, Franklin District. Marshal, Dr. 
Crawford. In front, wagon w r ith banner, "The 
Union now and forever. Equal laws and equal 
rights, B. & B." 

District No. 10, Middleburg, District Marshal, 
Upton Scott. Banner, Buchanan and Breckin- 
ridge. Reversed side, The Union and Constitu- 
tion. This district deserves credit for being one 
of the first, if not the pioneer in organizing 
against that celebrated school house, which Col. 
Hook stormed one day about midnight, by way 
of taking a Know-Nothing lodge at the point of 
the bayonet. 

District No. 11, or New Windsor, District Mar- 
shal, Levi Snader. Banner, not recollected. 

Great interest is felt in this, the youngest of 



76 POLITICAL. 

the group, and which is to cast her first vote at 
the coming election. It is believed that all the 
Democratic votes cast last year by those within 
her borders, would not amount to as many as we 
are in hopes, we could spare this year in the 
county, and yet beat our opponents right hand- 
some. But, if there is as much truth as poetry, 
in our doggerel rhymer, the democracy of New 
Windsor, or, as it used to be called, Sulphur 
Springs, is looking up fast. Hear him : 

"New Windsor brings us to the close, 
Where quondam friends are now Sam's foes, 
And he in sulphur, must repose ; 
But Sulphur Springs are safe we s'pose, 
For down to hell he doubtless goes. 
The fur must fly, &c." 

Last, and we fear least, in point of merit, 
comes our own district of Westminster, No. 7, 
But who will not forgive her, if, in taking car 
of her friends she forgot herself. Chief Marshal 
John M. Yingling. Banner, " Westminster, in 
full and free, defiance still rears her crest uncon- 
quered." Reversed side, "Buchanan and Breck- 
inridge." Various other banners and insignia, 
and we must make particular mention of the New 
Mexican bovine team, pulling a wagon with a 
bell in it, which told us that this was not a Know- 
Nothing or Whist procession. 

It was nearly two o'clock, when Westminster 
District, the last in procession, wedged its way, 
as best it could, into a fifteen acre field. 






THE AVALANCHE. 77 

The Barbecue. — Its most interesting features 
were abundance, variety and excellence. But its 
greatest excellence was so latent in its character 
that perhaps we should name it : It was cooked 
by the fair Democratic daughters of our city. 

The Speaking. — Hardly had the immense 
throng partaken of "the creature comfort.-." when 
they were invited to "the feast of reason" and 
"the flow of soul/' which was to follow by the 
worthy Chairman of the Committee of Arrange- 
ments, who, with an unusually loud and clear mild 
voice, from the stand, after a few remarks, nom- 
inated for President, the Hon. Elias Brown, which 
nomination was instantly ratified by universal 
acclamation. 

The Chairman of the Committee of Arrange- 
ments proceeded to nominate Vice-Presidents 
and Secretaries, as follows : 

Vice-Presidents. — District, Xos. 1, Geo. Crabbs; 
2, Wm. W. Dallas; 3, Jacob Maus ; 4, Zacharias 
H. Busby; 5, Wm. C. Polk; 6, Michael Bitter; 
7, Jacob Powder ; 8, David W. Houck ; 9, Dr. 
F. J. Crawford; 10, Col. Thomas Hook; 11, 
Jonas Ecker. 

Secretaries. — Samuel A. Lauver, Jacob Mike- 
sell, Philip Slingluff. 

The President thanked the people for the hon- 
or the}' had done him, and made some very ap- 
propriate remarks upon the critical situation of 
7* 



78 POLITICAL. 

our country, but said he should not attempt to 
discuss the issues involved in the approaching 
election, for time would not permit it. He would 
only occupy the stand until the audience got suf- 
ficiently gathered around it, to listen to distin- 
guished speakers from abroad. He improved our 
already good humor by pleasantry and anecdote. 
Elevating his tall and manly form, and casting his 
eye over the sea of human heads, which waived 
before him, he exclaimed, with uplifted hand, and 
in his own peculiar manner, "My God! Gentle- 
men, if this is the remnant of the Democratic 
party, what must it have been before it was 
broken up?' 7 

When the President had closed, he introduced 
Ex-Governor Pratt, and the welkin rung with 
shouts of welcome. Mr. Pratt alluded to his 
political visit in Carroll county, in 1844, when 
a candidate for the gubernatorial chair. He 
said, he then told the people that Maryland was 
in danger of dishonor from the depressed condi- 
tion of her financial affairs, and the course she 
might take respecting them. That if elected he 
should do his utmost to preserve her escutcheon 
untarnished. The speech might have said fur- 
ther, as every body has said for him ; he put old 
Maryland through. . The people of Carroll, he 
continued to say, had confidence in him then, and 
gave him a handsome majority over a strong 



; 



THE AVALANCHE. 79 

party ascendancy. He had come to Carroll this 
time to tell the people, that not only Maryland, 
but all the States were in imminent peril from 
Disunion, and if he was now believed as he had 
been before, he could not doubt that Carroll 
would go with him in his present efforts. Those 
efforts would consist in promoting the election of 
Buchanan, who was the only man that stood the 
slightest chance of defeating Fremont. 

To show the danger of Disunion, if Fremont 
was elected, he gave an outline of the principles 
and objects of the Black Republican party ; and 
alluded especially to the public avowal of one of 
its prominent leaders, that "it was time for 
Northern freemen to govern this country. 77 

Another had proclaimed that "they must have 
an Anti-slavery Constitution, an Anti-slavery 
Bible, and an Anti-slavery God!" To say that 
the election of Fremont, would not endanger the 
Union, was saying that Maryland and the entire 
South, would submit to a degradation which Fill- 
more himself had declared was not required of 
them by the Constitution, or the laws of nature. 
The Black Republican party insist on a repeal of 
the Fugitive Slave Law — the abolition of slavery 
in the District of Columbia, and that slaves shall not 
be sold by the citizens of one slave State to the citi- 
zens of another slave State. But Fillmoreans, he 
maintained, ought not to require argument, that 



80 POLITICAL. 

Black Republicans intend disunion, when Fill- 
more himself has virtually charged it upon them. 

To show the injustice of the Pillmorean hue 
and cry against the present administration, Mr. 
Pratt made it appear as clear as a sunbeam, that 
the compromise measures of 1850, which Millard 
Fillmore, then president, signed and approved, as 
effectually repealed the Missouri compromise, as 
did the Kansas Nebraska act of 1852. As to 
Fillmore's strength, it was shown by the twelve 
States which had voted this summer, of which 
Buchanan had got nine, Fremont three, and Fill- 
more none ! The beautiful Whig Know-Nothing 
consistency of making a fuss about the bargain 
intrigue and corruption story, so far as Buchanan 
is concerned, when they gulp down the real 
slanderer, A. J. Donelson, like hot cakes, was 
not forgotten. 

We were particularly pleased with Mr. Pratt's 
remarks, on the subject of Whigs being under no 
party obligations to vote for Millard Fillmore. 
He had deserted the party in the day of its tribu- 
lation, with the avowed purpose of putting it to 
death because it was too corrupt to live, and join- 
ed a party, which in its very ceremony of invita- 
tion, had bound him by an oath, to appoint no 
Whig to an office which a Know-Nothing would 
take. He was sworn to the proscription of Cath- 
olics, the native born, and of naturalized citizens 
the Protestants. 



THE AVALANCHE. 81 

Mr. Pratt's manner was earnest but not declam- 
atory ; for, said he, alluding to the solemn crisis 
of our affairs, declamation is unworthy the occa- 
tion. His appeal, in conclusion to every man and 
lady too, to work for Buchanan's election, until 
the polls should close on the 4th of November, 
was received with great enthusiasm, lie spoke 
nearly two hours. 

After which Hon. Kobcrt M. Mr Lane, of Balti- 
more, being introduced to the audience ; said that 
the importance of the issues in the present cam- 
paign, demands that they should be treated with 
more solemnity than is the custom of politicians. 
He assumed that the States, are on a perfect equal- 
ity ; and as long, as that equality exists, the Union 
can, and ought to be preserved ; but destroy that 
equality and the Union is, and ought to be at an 
end. He said that the Kansas-Nebraska bill 
looked to nothing but its preservation, 

He showed that the object of the Black Repub- 
licans is to destroy that equality, and design that 
the North shall govern the South. He regarded 
the Northern Democracy as better Union men 
than the Southern Know-Nothings — indeed the 
Northern Democracy are the main stay — the 
stronghold of the American Union. He consid- 
ered every Southern State as certain for Buch- 
anan except Maryland. She alone of all the 
Southern States remains in doubt, only two ob- 



82 POLITICAL. 

jects can be assigned for men in Maryland voting 
for Fillmore : the one is to throw the election 
into the House, the other to keep up the organi- 
zation of the Know-Nothing party in order that 
they may keep the control of the State, and en- 
joy the local offices. Throwing the election into 
the House, would only disgrace Maryland by the 
election of a Black Republican President, as she 
was last winter disgraced by one of her represen- 
tatives, aiding in the election of a Black Repub- 
lican Speaker. He hoped, however, the State 
would not be thus disgraced, and he knew that 
if the Democracy of Baltimore were not driven 
from the polls by brute force, the State would 
most assuredly cast her vote for Mr. Buchanan. 
He told the ladies they might bet as many pairs 
of gloves as they chose, that Fillmore would not 
get more than eight electoral votes, and he would 
pay for all they lose. 

He said that every State North, and every 
State South except Maryland had abandoned 
Know-Nothingism, and its dark lantern proscrip- 
tive policy. He should be very much mortified 
if Maryland should proclaim herself alone on the 
side of religious intolerance. If the Know- Noth- 
ings should elect Fillmore President, they would 
make a perjurer of him, because he would be 
sworn to obey the Constitution, which says there 
shall be no religious test required to hold office, 



TUE AVALANCHE. 83 

and he has already sworn there shall be a religi- 
ous test. He reminded the Know-Xothings that 
while they were proscribing Catholics because 
they adore the Pope and the Virgin Mary, they 
were supporting for the presidency, a man, who 
is a Unitarian, and rejects Christ himself. Mr. 
McLane's speech was well received, and frequent- 
ly interrupted by bursts of applause. 

Mrrtincj at the Court Howe* — At night a h 
and enthusiastic meeting was held in the Court 
House. Hon. Klias Brown, opened the meeting 
with a few appropriate remarks, and then intro- 
duced Francis Gallagher, Esq., who entertained 
the audience with a sound and patriotic speech. 
He showed the utter falsity of the charge made 
by the Black Republicans and endorsed by the 
Know-Nothings, that the South have been mak- 
ing encroachments upon the Xorth. There was 
but one free State, when our government was 
first formed, now there are sixteen. All the ter- 
ritory north of the Ohio river was ceded by Vir- 
ginia, to the general government, and she per- 
mitted slavery to be excluded. 

Out of this territory five free States have been 
formed. He reminded the audience of the evils 
that would attend the election of Fremont. He 
showed the utter weakness of Fillmore. He 
remarked that it was claimed for Fillmore, that 
he knew no North, no South ; and he thought, 



84 POLITICAL. 

judging from the result of the recent elections, 
no North and no South knew him. Mr. GPs speech, 
interspersed with quite a number of pungent an- 
ecdotes, was sound, logical and well received. 

The number present — We are now on ground 
so inviting to Major Longbow, that we wish it 
was his duty and* not ours, to occupy it. There 
were thousands present ; but how many thousands, 
who can tell ? We may have been beaten in 
women and children, and babies, and colored, by 
the Know-Nothings on the 11th. Indeed, they 
went still lower, and had specimens of almost 
every living thing known to zoology, except the 
poor coon who was told by his old Whig friends 
to stay at home, lest he should frighten the few 
Democrats who have been cajoled into the order ; 
but as yet, have not had the independence to 
withdraw. As to voters, we claim to have beat 
them largely, but are willing to refer the question 
to the ballot-boxes on the 4th of November. 

We should be glad if we could leave the mat- 
ter thus indefinite. But curiosity will not be 
satisfied short of the figures, so make them we 
must. Like a mighty river the tributaries form 
the best guide to quantity. There were hardly 
three hundred from other States or counties. 
This was anticipated, for what State or county is 
not busy at home? The white population of 
Carroll county, is about 20,000, and we suppose 



THE AVALANCB 85 

that our opponents will not admit that much over 
half are Democrats. Exclusive of those who differ 
with us in politics, and there are quite a nui. 
present, thanks to their liberality, it may then be 
safely said that out of a population often th 
and Democrats, we had as many as could conve- 
niently leave home. Could that have been two- 
thirds? We should think not more. But a 
large element of those present will have o 
sion to leave home again on the 4th of Novem- 
ber, for they were voters. It wa- undoubt- 
edly the largest collection of voters that e 
sembled in Carroll county. Afi to proc 
ours was entirely too high for theirs. How could 
our tall hickory trees have passed under their 
squatty arches ? Let Sam look out ; for of a truth 
we tell you, that last Thursday, Burnam Wood 
did come to Densamaine. 

The Ladies. — A still more difficult subject than 
the last. Who can do full justice to the merits 
of the Fair, and who so hardened as to bear the 
thought that he has done them injustice. We are 
entirely at a loss ; and, instead of imparting in- 
formation, we must ask it for ourselves : How hap- 
pens it, that nearly all the very pretty girls in 
Carroll county are Democrats? 

The Half Not Told, — Where so much was to be 
seen, who could see all, or who could relate the 
half of what he saw. But omissions must remain 
8 



86 POLITICAL. 

omissions, though they include bands of music 
that could charm — though they include, not only 
the tastely decorations of public houses ; Dy- 
mock's, and Sheet's his neighbor, Baker's and 
Mourer's, &c, but also many private dwellings — 
though they include the rich embellishments of the 
speaker's stand, and last, but not least, the beauty 
and peculiar fitness of the grounds which were 
furnished by their accommodating owner, Mr. 
John Fisher, a gentleman, who in times past has 
been honored by this very people, with such po- 
litical station as he would receive, and now in the 
afternoon of life, is respected by them as the 
very embodiment of Democracy. 

The Ohject. — This grand pageant of the people 
was not mere show. A few individuals may visit 
the springs or other resorts of pleasure. But 
when the great body of the people are from home, 
depend upon it, they are out on business. It was 
a means innocent in itself, socializing in its influ- 
ence, and well calculated to rouse the people to 
a just sense of impending danger, and to awaken 
that patriotism which forgets party in united ef- 
forts to hand down to our posterity, whole and 
unimpaired, the Constitution and the Union, as 
we received them from our fathers. 

JAMES RAYMOND, 1 
JOSEPH SHAW, V Committee. 

RICHARD MANNING, J 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 87 

I shall now present the reader with the following documents, 
ring of paramount importance in our national hisi 

The Declaration of Independance. In Con- 
gress, July 4, 1776. 

A declaration by the Representatives of the 
United States, in Congre mbled. 

When, in the course of human events, it he- 
comes necessary for one people to dissolve the 
political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the 
earth, the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self evident : that 
all men are created equal : that they are endow- 
ed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness ; that to secure these 
rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of 
the governed ; that whenever any form of gov- 
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and 
to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
tion on such principles, and organizing its powers 
in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 



88 POLITICAL. 

to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate, that governments long estab- 
lished should not be changed for light and tran- 
sient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath 
shown, that mankind are more disposed to 
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they 
are accustomed. But when a long train of abu- 
ses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them un- 
der absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, and to pro- 
vide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; 
and such is now the necessity which constrains 
them to alter their former systems of govern- 
ment. The history of the present king of Great 
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur- 
pations, all having in direct object the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. 
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world. 

He has refused his assent to laws, the most 
wholesome and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of 
immediate and pressing importance, unless sus- 
pended in their operation till his assent should 
be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has 
utterly neglected to attend to them. 



THE DECLARATION 09 WDEPEXDEW 89 

He lias refused to pase other laws for the ac- 
commodation of large districts of people, unless 

those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature ; a right inestimable 
to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at 

places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from 
the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with 

his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeat- 
edly, for opposing with manly firmness, his inva- 
sions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dis- 
solutions, to cause others to he elected ; whereby 
the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their 
exercise ; the state remaining in the meantime 
exposed to all the danger of invasion from with- 
out, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population 
of these states ; for that purpose obstructing the 
laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migrations hither, 
and raising the conditions of new appropriations 
of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, 
by refusiug his assent to laws for establishing ju- 
diciary powers. 
8* 



90 POLITICAL. 

He has made judges dependent on his will 
alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the 
amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and 
sent hither swarms of officers to harrass our peo- 
ple, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, 
standing armies, without the consent of our leg- 
islatures. 

He has affected to render the military inde- 
pendent of, and superior to the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to 
a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and un- 
acknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armod troops 
among us : 

For protecting them, by mock trial, from pun- 
ishment for any murders which they should com- 
mit on the inhabitants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the 
world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits 
of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for 
pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws 
in a neighboring province, establishing therein 



THE DECLARATION OF [tfDEPfcffDENCE. 91 

an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boun- 
daries bo as to render it at once an example and 
fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally 
the forms of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and de- 
claring themselves invested with power to legi 
late for us, in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declar- 
ing us out of his protection, and waging war 
against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our cos 
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies 
of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of 
death, desolation and tyranny, already begun 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarce- 
ly paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken 
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against 
their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst 
us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabi- 



92 POLITICAL. 

tants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian sava- 
ges, whose known rule of warfare is an undistin- 
guished destruction of all ages, sexes and con- 
ditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have 
petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; 
our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince, whose character 
is thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to 
our British brethren. We have warned them 
from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend unwarrantable jurisdiction 
over us. We have reminded them of the cir- 
cumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, 
by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They 
too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of 
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in 
the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the Uni- 
ted States of America, in general congress assem- 
bled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 



TBI DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 93 

world for the rectitude of our intention?, do. in 
the oame and by the authority of the good peo- 
ple of these colonii mnly publish and de- 
plore, That these United Colonics are, and of right 

OUgllt tO be, FREE AXD INDEPENDENT STATES J that 

they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection be- 
tween them and the state of Great Britain, is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved : and that as free 
and independenl states, they have full power to 
tevy war, conclude peace, contract alliano 
tablish commerce, and to do all other acts and 
tilings which independent states may of right do. 
And for the support of this declaration, with a 
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- 
dence, we mutually pledge to each other our liv 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

JOITX HANCOCK 

Ni w Hdmpahin . — Josiah Bartlett, William 
Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massach ueette Bay. — Samuel Adams, John 
Adams, Robert Treat Paine. Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, dbc. — Stephen Hopkins. William 
Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Hunt- 
ington, William Williams, Oliver Walcott. 

New York. — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis. Lewis Morris. 



94 POLITICAL. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Wither- 
spoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham 
Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Cly- 
mer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wil- 
son, George Ross. 

Delaivare. — Caesar Rodney, George Read. 

Maryland. — Samuel Chase, William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas 
Nelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Brax- 
ton. 

North Carolina.* — William Hooper, Joseph 
Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas 
Heyward, jr., Thomas Lynch, jr., Arthur Mid- 
dleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 95 



Rules and Articles of War adopted by Con- 
gress, for the better government of the 
troops, raised or to be raised, and kept in 
pay, by, and at the expense of, the United 
States of America. 

Section I . 

Article 1. Every officer who shall be retained 
in the army of the United States, shall, at the 
time of his acceptance of his commission, subscribe 
these rules and regulations. 

Art 2. It is earnestly recommended to all offi- 
cers and soldiers, diligently to attend divine ser- 
vice. And all officers who shall behave inde- 
cently or irreverently, at any place of divine 
worship, shall, if commissioned officers, be brought 
before a general court-martial, there to be pub- 
licly and severely reprimanded by the president ; 
if non-commissioned officers or soldiers, every 
person so offending, shall, for his first offence, 
forfeit one-sixth of a dollar, to be deducted out of 
his next pay ; for the second offence, he shall not 
only forfeit a like sum, but be confined for twen- 
ty-four hours ; and for every like offence, shall 
suffer and pay in like manner ; which money, so 
forfeited, shall be applied to the use of the sick 
soldiers of the troop or company to which the 
offender belongs. 



96 • POLITICAL. 

Art 3. Whatsoever non-commissioned officer 
or soldier, shall use any profane oath or execra- 
tion, shall incur the penalties expressed in the 
foregoing article ; and, if a commissioned officer 
be thus guilty of profane cursing or swearing, he 
shall forfeit and pay for each and every such of- 
fence, two-thirds of a dollar. 

Art 4. Every chaplain, who is commissioned 
to a regiment, company, troop or garrison, and 
shall absent himself from the said regiment, com- 
pany, troop or garrison, (excepting in case of sick- 
ness or leave of absence,) shall be brought to a 
court-martial, and be fined, not exceeding one 
month's pay, besides the loss of his pay during 
his absence, or be discharged, as the said court- 
martial shall judge most proper. 

Section 1 1. — Mutiny. 

Art 1. Whatsoever officer or soldier shall pre- 
sume to use traitorous or disrespectful words 
against the authority of the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, or the legislature of any of the 
United States, in which he may be quartered ; if 
a commissioned officer he shall be cashiered ; if 
a non-commissioned officer or soldier, he shall 
suffer such punishment as shall be inflicted upon 
him by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art 2. Any officer or soldier, who shall behave 
himself with contempt or disrespect towards the 



BULBS AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 97 

general or other commander in chief of the forces 
of the United States, or shall speak words tend- 
ing to his hurt or dishonor, shall be punished ac- 
cording to the nature of his offence, by the judg- 
ment of a court-martial. 

Art. 3. Any officer or soldier, who shall begin, 
excite, cause or join in any mutiny or sedition of 
the troop, company or regiment to which he be- 
longs, or in any other troop or company in the 
service of the United States, or in any party, 
post, detachment, or guard, on any pretence 
whatsoever, shall suffer death, or such other pun- 
ishment as by a court-martial shall be inflicted. 

Art. 4. Any officer, non-commissioned officer, 
or soldier, who being present at any mutiny or 
sedition, does not use his utmost endeavor to 
suppress the same ; or coming to the knowledge 
of any intended mutiny, does not, without delay, 
give information thereof to his commanding offi- 
cer, shall be punished by a court-martial with 
death, or otherwise, according to the nature of 
the offence. 

Art. 5. Any officer or soldier who shall strike 
his superior officer, or draw or shall lift up any 
weapon, or offer any violence against him, being in 
the execution of his office, on any pretence what- 
soever, or shall disobey any lawful command of 
his superior officer, shall suffer death, or such 
punishment, as shall, according to the nature of 
9 



98 POLITICAL. 

his offence, be inflicted upon him by the sentence 
of a court-martial. 

Section III . — Of Enlisting Soldiers. 

Art. 1. Every non-commissioned officer and 
soldier, who shall enlist himself in the service of 
the United States, shall at the time of his so en- 
listing, or within six days afterwards, have the 
articles for the government of the forces of the 
United States read to him, and shall, by the offi- 
cer who enlisted him, or by the commanding offi- 
cer of the troop or company into which he was 
enlisted, be taken before the next justice of the 
peace, or chief magistrate of any city or town 
corporate, not being an officer of the army, or 
where recourse cannot be had to the civil magis- 
trate, before the judge advocate, and in his pres- 
ence shall take the following oath, or affir- 
mation, if conscientiously scrupulous about taking 
an oath : 

I swear, or affirm [as the case may be,] to he 
true to the United States of America, and to serve 
them honestly and faithfully against all their ene- 
mies or opposers whatsoever, and to observe and obey 
the orders of the continental congress, and the orders 
of the generals and officers set over me by them. 

Which justice or magistate is to give the officer 
a certificate, signifying that the man enlisted did 
take the said oath or affirmation. 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 99 

Art. 2. After a non-commissioned officer or 

soldier shall have been duly enlisted and sworn, 
he shall not he dismissed the service without a 

discharge in writing ; and no discharge granted 
to him shall be allowed of as sufficient, which is 
not signed by a field officer of the regiment into 
which he was enlisted, or commanding officer, 
where no field officer of the regiment is in the 
same state. 

Section IV . — Musters and Furlough. 

Art 1. Every officer commanding a regiment, 

troop or company, shall, upon the notice given 
to him by the commissary of musters, or from 
one of his deputies, assemble the regiment, troop 
or company, under his command, in the next con- 
venient place for their being mustered. 

Art. 2. Every colonel, or other field officer com- 
manding the regiment, troop or company, and 
actually residing with it, may give furloughs to 
non-commissioned officers and soldiers, in such 
numbers, and for so long a time as he shall judge 
to be most consistent with the good of the ser- 
vice ; but no non-commissioned officer or soldier 
shall, by leave of his captain, or inferior officer 
commanding the troop or company, (his field of- 
ficer not being present,) be absent above twenty 
days in six months, nor shall more than two pri- 
vate men be absent at the same time, from their 



100 POLITICAL. 






troop or company, excepting some extraordinary 
occasion shall require it, of which occasion the 
field officer present with, and commanding the 
regiment, is to be the judge. 

Art. 3. At every muster the commanding offi- 
cer of each regiment, troop or company, there 
present, shall give to the commissary certificates, 
signed by himself, signifying how long SLich offi- 
cers, who shall not appear at the said muster, 
have been absent, and the reason of their absence. 
In like manner, the commanding officer of every 
troop or company, shall give certificates, signify- 
ing the reasons of the absence of the non-commis- 
sioned officers and private soldiers ; which reasons 
and time of absence, shall be inserted in the mus- 
ter rolls, opposite to the name of the respective 
absent officers and soldiers. The said certificates 
shall, together with the muster rolls, be remitted 
by the commissary to the congress, as speedily as 
the distance of place will admit, 

Art. 4. Every officer who shall be convicted, 
before a general court-martial, of having signed 
a false certificate, relating to the absence of either 
officer or private soldier, shall be cashiered. 

Art. 5. Every officer who shall knowingly make 
a false muster of man or horse, and every officer 
or commissary, who shall willingly sign, direct or 
allow the signing of the muster rolls, wherein 
such false muster is contained, shall, upon proof 



BULBS AM) ARTICLES OF WAK. 1Q1 

made thereofby two witnesses, before a genera] 
court-martial, be cashiered, and shall be thereby 
utterly disabled to have or hold any office or em- 
ployment in the service of the United Stati 

Art. 6. Any commissary who shall be convicted 
of having taken money, or any other thing, by 
way of gratification, on the mustering any rej 
ment, troop or company, or on the signing the 
muster rolls, shall be displaced from his office, 
and shall be thereby utterly disabled to have or 
hold any oflice or employment under the United 
States. 

Art. 7. Any officer who shall presume to mus- 
ter any person as a soldier, who is at other tim 
accustomed to wear a livery, or who does not ac- 
tually do his duty as a soldier, shall be deemed 
guilty of having made a false muster, and shall 
suffer accordingly. 

Section Y . — Rt tu rns. 

Art. 1. Every officer who shall knowingly make 
a false return to the Congress, or any committee 
thereof, to the commander in chief of the forces 
of the United States, or to any his superior offi- 
cer, authorized to call for such returns of the 
state of the regiment, troop or company, or gar- 
rison, under his command ; or of arms, ammuni- 
tion, clothing, or other stores, thereunto belong- 
ing, shall, by a court-martial, be cashiered. 
9* 



102 POLITICAL. 

Art. 2. The commanding officer of every regi- 
ment, troop or independent company, or garrison, 
of the United States, shall, in the beginning of 
every month, remit to the commander in chief 
of the American forces, and to the Congress, an 
exact return of the state of the regiment, troop, 
independent company, or garrison under his com- 
mand, specifying the names of the officers not 
then residing at their posts, and the reason for, 
and time of their absence. Whoever shall be 
convicted of having, through neglect or design, 
omitted the sending such returns, shall be pun- 
ished according to the nature of his crime, by 
the judgment of a general court-martial. 

Section VI . — Desertion. 

Art. 1. All officers and soldiers, who having 
received pay, or having been duly enlisted in the 
service of the United States, shall be convicted 
of having deserted the same, shall suffer death, 
or such other punishment as by a court-martial 
shall be inflicted. 

Art. 2. Any non-commissioned officer or sol- 
dier, who shall, without leave from his command- 
ing officer, absent himself from his troop or com- 
pany, or from any detachment with which he 
shall be commanded, shall, upon being convicted 
thereof, be punished according to the nature 
of his offence, at the discretion of a court-martial. 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 103 

Art. 3. No non-commissioned officer or soldier, 
shall enlist himself in any other regiment, troop 

or company, without a regular discharge from 
the regiment, troop or company, in which he last 

served, on the penalty of being reputed a deserter. 
and suffering accordingly. And in case any offi- 
cer shall knowingly receive and entertain such 
non-commissioned officer or soldier, or shall not, 
after his being discovered to be a deserter, im- 
mediately confine him and give notice thereof to 
the corps in which he Lot served, lie, the said 
officer so offending, shall by a court-martial be 
cashiered. 

Art. 4 Whatsoever officer or soldier shall be 
convicted of having advised or persuaded any 
other officer or soldier to desert the service of 
the United States, shall suffer such punishment 
as shall be inflicted upon him by the sentence of 
a court-martial. 

Art. 5. When any desertion shall happen from 
the troops of the United States, the officer com- 
manding the regiment or corps to which the de- 
serters belonged, shall be responsible, that an 
immediate report of the same be made to the 
commanding officer of the forces of the United 
States present. 

Art. 6. The commanding officer of any of the 
forces in the United States shall, upon report 
made to him of any desertions in the troops un- 



104 POLITICAL. 

der his orders, cause the most immediate and 
vigorous search to be made after the deserter or 
deserters, which may be conducted by a com- 
missioned or non-commissioned officer, as the 
case shall require. That if such search should 
prove ineffectual, the officer commanding the reg- 
iment or corps to which the deserter or deserters 
belonged, shall insert in the nearest gazette, or 
newspaper, an advertisement, descriptive of the 
deserter or deserters, and offering a reward, not 
exceeding ten dollars, for each deserter who shall 
be apprehended and secured in any of the jails 
of the neighboring states. That the charges of 
advertising deserters, the reasonable extra expen- 
ses incurred by the person conducting the pur- 
suit, and the reward shall be paid by the secre- 
tary at war, on the certificate of the command- 
ing officer of the troops. 

Section VII . — Of Quarrelling and Sending 
Challenges. 

Art. 1. No officer or soldier shall use any re- 
proachful or provoking speeches or gestures to 
another, upon pain, if an officer, of being put in 
arrest ; if a soldier, imprisoned, and of asking 
pardon of the party offended, in the presence of 
his commanding officer. 

Art. 2. No officer or soldier shall presume to 
send a challenge to any other officer or soldier, 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 105 

to fight a duel, upon pain, if a commissioned of- 
ficer, of being cashiered; if a non-commissioned 
officer or soldier, of suffering corporal punish- 
ment at the discretion of a court-martial. 

Art. 3. If any commissioned or non-commis- 
sioned officer commanding a guard, shall know- 
ingly or willingly suffer any person whatsoever 
to go forth to fight a duel, he shall be punished 
as a challenger ; and likewise all seconds, promo- 
ters, and carriers of challengers, in order to duels, 
shall be deemed as principals, and be punished 
accordingly. 

Art 4. All officers of what condition soever, 
have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays 
and disorders, though the persons concerned 
should belong to another regiment, troop or com- 
pany ; and either to order officers into arrest, or 
non-commissioned officers or soldiers to prison, 
till their proper superior officers shall be acquaint- 
ed therewith ; and whosoever shall refuse to obey 
such officer (though of an inferior rank) or shall 
draw his sword upon him, shall be punished at 
the discretion of a general court-martial. 

Art. 5. Whatsoever officer or soldier shall up- 
braid another for refusing a challenge, shall him- 
self be punished as a challenger ; and all officers 
and soldiers are hereby discharged of any disgrace 
or opinion of disadvantage, which might arise 
from their having refused to accept of challenges, 



106 POLITICAL. 

as they will only have acted in obedience to the 
orders of congress, and done their duty as good 
soldiers, who subject themselves to discipline. 

Section YIII . — Buttling. 

Art. 1. No suttler shall be permitted to sell any 
kind of liquors or victuals, or to keep their houses 
or shops open, for the entertainment of soldiers, 
after nine at night, or before the beating of the 
reveilles, or upon Sundays, during divine service 
or sermon, on the penalty of being dismissed from 
all future suttling. 

Art. 2. All officers and soldiers shall have full 
liberty to bring into any of the forts or garrisons 
of the United American States, any quantity of 
eatable provisions, except where any contracts 
are or shall be entered into by congress, or by 
their order, for furnishing such provisions, and 
with respect only to the species of provisions so 
contracted for. 

Art. 3. All officers commanding in the forts, 
barracks, or garrisons of the United States, are 
hereby required to see that the persons permitted 
to suttle, shall supply the soldiers with good and 
wholesome provisions, at the market price, as 
they shall be answerable for their neglect. 

Art. 4. No officers commanding in any of the 
garrisons, forts, or barracks of the United States, 
shall either themselves exact exorbitant prices for 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 107 

houses or stalls let out to suttlers, or shall con- 
nive at the like exactions in others ; nor by their 
own authority, and for their private advantage, 
shall they lay any duty or Imposition upon, or be 
interested in the sale of such victual.-, liquors, or 
other necessaries of life, which are brought into 
the garrison, fort or barracks, for the use of the 
soldiers, on the penalty of being discharged from 
the service. 

Section IX. — Of Good Order. 

Art. 1. Every officer commanding in quart 
garrisons, or on a march, shall keep good order, 
and to the utmost of hifl power redress all such 
abuses or disorders which may be committed by 
any officer or soldier under hifl command : if upon 
complaint made to him of officers or soldi* 
beating or otherwise ill-treating any person; of 
disturbing fairs or markets, or of committing any 
kind of riots, to the disquieting of the good pe - 
pie of the United States, he. the said commander, 
who shall refuse or omit to see justice done on 
the offender or offenders, and reparation made to 
the party or parties injured, as far as part of the 
offenders pay shall enable him or them, shall, upon 
proof thereof, be punished by a general court-mar- 
tial, as if he himself had committed the crimes or 
disorders complained of. 



108 POLITICAL. 

Section X . — Of Grimes Punishable by Law. 

Art. 1. Whenever any officer or soldier shall 
be accused of a capital crime, or of having used 
violence, or committed any offence against the 
persons or property of the good people of any of 
the United American States, such as is punishable 
by the known laws of the land, the commanding 
officer and officers of every regiment troop or 
party, to which the person or persons so accused 
shall belong, are hereby required, upon applica- 
tion duly made by or in behalf of the party or 
parties injured, to use his utmost endeavors to de- 
liver over such accused person or persons to the 
civil magistrate, and likewise to be aiding and 
assisting to the officers of justice in apprehending 
and securing the person or persons so accused, in 
order to bring them to a trial. If any command- 
ing officer or officers shall wilfully neglect, or shall 
refuse, upon the application aforesaid, to deliver 
over such accused person or persons to the civil 
magistrates, or to be aiding and assisting to the 
officers of justice, in apprehending such person or 
persons, the officer or officers so offending shall 
be cashiered. 

Art. 2. No officer shall protect any person from 
his creditors, on the pretence of his being a sol- 
dier, nor any non-commissioned officer or soldier, 
who does not actually do all duties as such, and 
no farther than is allowed by a resolution of con- 



BULE8 AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 109 

grcss, bearing date tlic 20th day of December. 
1775: Any officer offending herein, being con- 
victed thereof before a court-martial, shall be 
cashiered. 

Sectio n X I . — Of R< dressing Wroi 

Art. 1. If any officer shall think himself to be 
Wtonged by his colonel or the commanding offi- 
cer of the regiment, and shall, upon due applica- 
tion made to him, be refused to be redressed, he 
may complain to the continental general command- 
ing in the State were such regiment shall be 
tioned, in order to obtain justice, who is herebj 
required to examine into the said complaint and 
take proper measures tor redressing the wrong 
complained of, and transmit as soon as possible 
to the congress a true \ f such complaint, 

with the proceedings had thereon. 

Art. 2. If any inferior officer or soldier shall 
think himself wronged by his captain, or other 
officer commanding the troop or company to which 
he belongs, he is to complain thereof to the com- 
manding officer of the regiment, who is hereby 
required to summon a regimental court-martial, 
for the doing justice to the complainant ; from 
which regimental court-martial either party may, 
if he thinks himself still aggrieved, appeal to a 
general court-martial. But if upon a second hear- 
ing, the appeal shall appear to be vexatious and 
10 



HO POLITICAL. 

groundless, the person so appealing shall be pun- 
ished at the discretion of the said general court- 
martial. 

Section XII . — Of Stores, Ammunition, &c. 

Art. 1. Whatsoever commissioned officer, store- 
keeper, or commissary, shall be convicted at a 
general court-martial of having sold, (without a 
proper order for that purpose,) embezzled, mis- 
applied, or wilfully, or through neglect, suffered 
any of the provisions, forage, arms, clothing, am- 
munition, or other military stores, belonging to 
the United States, to be spoiled or damaged, the 
said officer, store-keeper or commissary so offend- 
ing, shall, at his own charge, make good the loss 
or damage ; shall moreover forfeit all his pay, and 
be dismissed from the service. 

Art 2. Whatsoever non-commissioned officer 
or soldier, shall be convicted at a regimental 
court-martial, of having sold, or designedly or 
through neglect, wasted the ammunition deliv- 
ered out to him to be employed in the service of 
the United States, shall, if a non-commissioned 
officer, be reduced to a private sentinel, and shall 
besides suffer corporal punishment, in the same 
manner as a private sentinel so offending, at the 
discretion of a regimental court-martial. 

Art 3. Every non-commissioned officer or sol- 
dier, who shall be convicted at a court-martial, of ; 
having sold, lost, or spoiled through neglect, his 



RULES AM) ARTICLES OP WAK. HI 

horse, arms, clothes, or accoutrements, shall un- 
dergo such weekly stoppages (nol exceeding the 

half of his pay) as a court-martial shall judge suf- 
ficient for repairing the loss or damage : and shall 
suffer imprisonment, or such other corporal pun- 
ishment as his crime shall deserve. 

Art. 4. Every officer who shall be convicted at 
a court-martial, of haying embezzled or misap- 
plied any money with which lie may have been 
entrusted for the payment of the men under his 
command, or for enlisting men into the service; 
if a commissioned officer, shall be cashiered and 
compelled to refund the money ; if a non-com- 
missioned officer, shall be reduced to serve in the 
ranks as a private soldier, be put under stopp 
until the money be made good, and sutler such 
corporal punishment (not extending to life <>r 
limb) as the court-martial shall think lit. 

Art 5. Every captain of a troop or company 
is charged with the arms, accoutrements, ammu- 
nition, clothing, or other warlike stor<^ belonging 
to the troop or company under his command, 
which he is to be accountable for to his colonel, 
in case of their being lost, spoiled or damaged, not 
by unavoidable accidents, or on actual service. 

Section XIII. — Of Butte* in Quartos, in 
Garrison, or in the Field. 

Art 1. All non-commissioned officers and sol- 
diers, who shall be found one mile from the camp, 



112 POLITICAL. 

without leave in writing from their commanding 
officer, shall suffer such punishment as shall ba 
inflicted upon them by the sentence of a court- 
martial. 

Art. 2. No officer or soldier shall lie out of his 
quarters, garrison or camp, without leave from 
his superior officer, upon penalty of being pun- 
ished according to the nature of his offence by 
the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 3. Every non-commissioned officer and sol- 
dier, shall retire to his quarters or tent, at the 
beating of the retreat ; in default of which he 
shall be punished according to the nature of his 
offence, by the commanding officer. 

Art. 4. No officer, non-commissioned officer or 
soldier, shall fail of repairing, at the time fixed, 
to the place of parade or exercise, or other ren- 
dezvous appointed by his commanding officer, if 
not prevented by sickness, or some other evident 
necessity ; or shall go from the said place of ren- 
dezvous, or from his guard, without leave from 
his commanding officer, before he shall be regu- 
larly dismissed or relieved, on the penalty of be- 
ing according to the nature of his offence by the 
sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 5. Whatever commissioned officer shall be 
found drunk on his guard, party, or other duty 
under arms, shall be cashiered for it : any non- 
commissioned officer or soldier so offending, shall 



RULES AM) ARTICLES OF WAR. 113 

suffer such corporal punishment as shall be in- 
flicted by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 6. Whatever sentinel shall be found sleep- 
ing upon his post, or shall leave it before he shall 
be regularly relieved, shall suffer death or such 
other punishment as shall be inflicted by the sen- 
tence of a court-martial. 

Art. 7. No soldier belonging to any regiment, 
troop or company, shall hire another to do his 
duty for him, or be excused from duty but in 
case of sickness, disability, or leave of absence; 
and every such soldier found guilty of hiring his 
duty as also the party so hired to do another's 
duty, shall be punished at the next regimental 
court-martial. 

Art. 8. And every non-commissioned officer 
conniving at such hiring of duty as aforesaid, 
shall be reduced for it ; and every commissioned 
officer, knowing and allowing of such ill practices 
in the service, shall be punished by the judgment 
of a general court-martial. 

Art. 9. Any person belonging to the forces em- 
ployed in the service of the United States, who 
by discharging of fire-arms, drawing of swords, 
beating of drums, or by any other means what- 
soever, shall occasion false alarms in camp, gar- 
rison or quarters, shall suffer death, or such other 
punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence 
of a general court-martial. 
10* 



114 POLITICAL. 

Art 10. Any officer or soldier who shall with- 
out urgent necessity, or without the leave of his 
superior officer, quit his platoon or division, shall 
be punished according to the nature of his offence, 
by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 11. No officer nor soldier shall do violence 
to any person who brings provisions or other ne- 
cessaries to the camp, garrison or quarters of the 
forces of the United States, employed in parts out 
of the said states, on pain of death, or such other 
punishment as a court-martial shall direct. 

Art 12. Whatsoever officer or soldier shall mis- 
behave himself before the enemy, or shamefully 
abandon any post committed to his charge, or 
shall speak words inducing others to do the like, 
shall suffer death. 

Art. 13. Whatsoever officer or soldier shall mis- 
behave himself before the enemy, and run away, 
or shamefully abandon any fort, post or guard, 
which he or they shall be commanded to defend, 
or speak words inducing others to do the like ; 
or who, after victory, shall quit his commanding 
officer, or post, to plunder and pillage ; every 
such offender, being duly convicted thereof, shall 
be reputed a disobeyer of military orders ; and 
shall suffer death, or such other punishment, as 
by a general court-martial shall be inflicted on 
him. 

Art. 14. Any person belonging to the forces of 



HULKS AND ARTICLES OF WAR. H5 

the United States, who shall cast away his arms 
and ammunition, Bhall suffer death, or such other 

punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence 
of a general court-martial. 

Art. 15. Any person belonging to the forces of 
the United States, who shall make known the 
watch-word to any person who is not entitled to 
receive it according to the rules and discipline of 
war, or shall presume to give a parole or watch- 
word different from what he received. shaU suffer 
(hath, or such other punishment as shall be or- 
dered by the sentence of a general court-martial. 

Art. 16. All officers and soldiers are to behave 
themselves orderly in quarters and on their march ; 
and whosoever shall commit any waste or spoil, 
either in walks of trees, parks, warrens, fish-ponds, 
houses or gardens, corn-fields, inclosures or mea- 
dows, or shall maliciously destroy any property 
whatsoever, belonging to the good people of the 
United States, unless by order of the then com- 
mander in chief of the forces of the said states, to 
annoy rebels or other enemies in arms against 
the said states, he or they that shall be found 
guilty of offending herein, shall (besides such pen- 
alties as they are liable to by law) be punished 
according to the nature and degree of the offence, 
by the judgment of a regimental or general court- 
martial. 

Art. 17. Whosoever belonging to the forces of 



116 POLITICAL. 

the United States, employed in foreign parts, shall 
force a safe-guard, shall suffer death. 
* Art. 18. Whosoever shall relieve the enemy 
with money, victuals, or ammunition, or shall 
knowingly harbor or protect an enemy, shall suf- 
fer death, or such other punishment as by a court- 
martial shall be inflicted. 

Art. 19. Whosoever shall be convicted of hold- 
ing correspondence with, or giving intelligence to 
the enemy, either directly or indirectly, shall suffer 
death, or such other punishment as by a court- 
martial shall be inflicted. 

Art. 20. All public stores taken in the enemy's 
camp, towns, forts, or magazines, whether of ar- 
tillery, ammunition, clothing, forage or provisions, 
shall be secured for the service of the United 
States ; for the neglect of which the commanders 
in chief are to be answerable. 

Art. 21. If any officer or soldier shall leave his 
post or colors, to go in search of plunder, he shall, 
upon being convicted thereof, before a general 
court-martial, suffer death, or such other punish- 
ment as by a court-martial shall be inflicted. 

Art. 22. If any commander of any garrison, 
fortress or post, shall be compelled by the offi- 
cers or soldiers under his command, to give up to 
the enemy, or to abandon it, the commissioned 
officers, non-commissioned officers, or soldiers, 
who shall be convicted of having so offended, 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 117 

shall suffer deatli, or such other punishment as 
shall he inflicted upon them by the e e of 

a court-martial. 

Art. 23. All suttlers and retainers to the camp, 
and all persons whatsoever serving with the ar- 
mies of the United States, in the field, though no 
enlisted soldiers, arc to be subjecl to orders, ac- 
cording to the rules and discipline of war. 

Art. 24. Officers having brevets, or commis- 
sions of a prior date to those of the regiment in 
which they now serve, may take place in court-- 
martial and on detachments, when composed of 
different corps, according to the ranks given them 
in their brevets, or dates of their former com- 
missions ; but in the regiment, troop, or company, 
to which such brevet officers, and those who have 
commissions of a prior date, do belong, they shall 
do duty, and take rank, both on courts-martial and 
on detachments, which shall be composed only 
of their own corps, according to the commissions 
by which they are mustered in the said corps. 

Art. 25. If upon marches, guards, or in quar- 
ters, different corps shall happen to join, or do duty 
together, the eldest officer by commission there, 
on duty, or in quarters, shall command the whole, 
and give out orders for what is needful to the 
service, regard being always had to the several 
ranks of those corps, and the post they usually 
occupy. 



118 POLITICAL. 

Art. 26. And in like manner also, if any regi- 
ments, troops or detachments of horse or foot 
shall happen to march with, or be encamped, or 
quartered with any bodies or detachments of other 
troops in the service of the United States, the 
eldest officer without respect to corps, shall take 
upon him the command of the whole, and give 
the necessary orders to the service. 

Section XIV . — Administration of Justice. 

Art. 1. General courts-martial may consist of 
any number of commissioned officers from five to 
thirteen inclusively : but they shall not consist of 
less than thirteen where that number can be con- 
vened without manifest injury to the service. 

Art. 2. General courts-martial shall be ordered, 
as often as the cases may require, by the general, 
or officer commanding the troops. But no sen- 
tence of a court-martial shall be carried into ex- 
ecution, until after the whole proceedings shall 
have been laid before the said general, or officer 
commanding the troops for the time being; 
neither shall any sentence of a general court- 
martial in time of peace, extending to the loss of 
life, the dismission of a commissioned officer, or 
which shall either in time of peace or war, respect 
a general officer, be carried into execution, until 
after the whole proceedings shall have been trans- 
mitted to the secretary at war, to be laid before 



BULE8 AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 119 

congress for their confirmation or disapproval, and 
their orders on the case. All other sentences 
may be confirmed and executed by the officer or- 
dering the court to assemble, or the commanding 
officer for the time being, as the case may be. 

Art. 3. Every officer commanding a regiment 
or corps, may appoint of his own regiment or 
corps, courts-martial, to consist of three commis- 
sioned officers, for the trial of offences, not capi- 
tal, and the inflicting corporal punishments, and 
decide upon their sentences. For the same pur- 
pose, all officers commanding any of the garri- 
sons, forts, barracks, or other place, where the 
troops consist of different corps, may assemble 
courts-martial, to consist of three commissioned 
officers, and decide upon their sentenc 

Art 4. No garrison or regimental court-mar- 
tial shall have the power to try capital cases, or 
commissioned officers : neither shall they inflict 
a fine exceeding one month's pay, nor imprison, 
nor put to hard labor, any non-commissioned 
officer or soldier, for a longer time than one month. 

Art. 5. The members of all courts-martial 
shall, when belonging to different corps, take the 
same rank in court, which they hold in the army. 
But when courts-martial shall be composed of of- 
ficers of one corps, they shall take rank according 
to the commissions by which they are mustered 
in the said corps. 



120 POLITICAL. 

Art. 6. The judge advocate, or some person 
deputed by him, or by the general, or officer 
commanding the army, detachment or garrison, 
shall prosecute in the name of the United States 
of America ; but shall so far consider himself as 
council for the prisoner, after the said prisoner 
shall have made his plea, as to object to any lead- 
ing question to any of the witnesses, or any ques- 
tion to the prisoner, the answer to which might 
tend to criminate himself : And administer to 
each member the following oaths, which shall 
also be taken by all members of regimental and 
garrison courts-martial. 

u You shall well and truly try and determine, ac- 
cording to evidence, the matter now he/ore yoit, 
betiveen the United States of America and the pris- 
oner to he tried. So help you God" 

" You A. B. do swear, that you will duly adminis- 
ter justice, according to the rides and articles for the 
better government of the forces of the United States 
of America, 'without partiality, favor or affection ; 
and if any doubt shall arise, which is not explained 
by said articles, according to your conscience, the 
best of your understanding, and the custom of war 
in the UJce cases. And you do further stoear, that 
you will not divulge the sentence of the court until it 
shall be published by the commanding officer. 
Neither will you, upon any account, at any timeivhat- 
soever, disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 121 

particular member of the court-martial, unless re- 
quired to give evidence thereof as a witness, by a 
court of justice, in a due course of law. So help 

(jo 1 1 God" 

And as soon as the said oaths shall have been 
administered to the respective members, the pres- 
ident of the court shall administer to the judge 
advocate, or person officiating as such, an oath in 
the following words : 

You A. B. do swear, thai you "'ill not, upon any 
account, at any time, whatsoever, disclose or discover 
the vote or opinion of any particular nu ml" r of the 
court-martial, unless required to give evidence th 
of as a witness, by a cou/rt of justice, in a due course 
of lew:. So help you God." 

Art. 7. All the members of a court-martial are 
to behave with decency and calmness ; and in giv- 
ing their votes, are to begin with the youngest in 
commission. 

Art. 8. All persons who give evidence before a 
court-martial, are to be examined on oath, or 
affirmation, as the case may be ; and no sentence 
of death shall be given against any offender by 
any general court-martial, unless two-thirds of 
the members of the court shall concur therein. 

Art. 9. Whenever an oath or affirmation shall 
be administered by a court-martial, the oath or 
affirmation shall be in the following form : 

"You swear, (or affirm, as the case may be,) the 
11 



122 POLITICAL. 

evidence you shall give in the cause now in hearing, 
shall he the truth, the ichole truth, and nothing hut 
the truth. So help you God." 

Art. 10. On the trials of cases not capital, be- 
fore courts-martial, the depositions of witnesses 
not in the line or staff of the army, may be taken 
before some justice of the peace, and read in evi- 
dence, provided the prosecutor and person accused 
are present at the taking the same. 

Art. 11. No officer shall be tried but by a gen- 
eral court-martial, nor by officers of an inferior 
rank, if it can be avoided. Nor shall any pro- 
ceedings or trials be carried on excepting between 
the hours of eight in the morning and three in 
the afternoon, excepting in cases, which in the 
opinion of the officer appointing the court, re- 
quire immediate example. 

Art. 12. No person whatsoever shall use me- 
nacing words, signs or gestures, in the presence of 
a court-martial, or shall cause any disorder or 
riot, to disturb their proceedings on the penalty 
of being punished at the discretion of the said 
court-martial. 

Art. 13. No commissioned officer shall be cash- 
iered or dismissed from the service, excepting by 
order of congess, or by the sentence of a general 
court-martial ; and no non-commissioned officer 
or soldier shall be discharged the service, but by 
the order of congress, the secretary at war, the 






RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 123 

commander in chief, or commanding officer of a 
department, or by the sentence of a general 
court-martial. 

Art 14. Whenever any officer shall be charged 
with a crime, he shall be arrested and confined 
to his barracks, quarters or tent, and deprived of 
his sword by his commanding officer. And any 
officer who shall leave his confinement before he 
shall be set at liberty by his commanding officer, 
or by a superior power, shall be cashiered for it. 

Art. 15. Non-commissioned officers and soldier.-, 
who shall be charged with crimes, shall be im- 
prisoned, until they shall be tried by a court- 
martial, or released by proper authority. 

Art. 16. No officer or soldier who shall be put- 
in arrest or imprisonment, shall continue in his 
confinement more than eight days, or until such 
time as a court-martial can be assembled. 

Art. 17. No officer commanding a guard, or 
provost-martial, shall refuse to receive, or keep 
any prisoner committed to his charge, by any of- 
ficer belonging to the forces of the United States ; 
provided the officer committing shall, at the same 
time, deliver an account in writing, signed by 
himself, of the crime with which the said prison- 
er is charged. 

Art. 18. No officer commanding a guard, or 
provost-martial, shall presume to release any per- 
son committed to his charge, without proper 



124 POLITICAL. 

authority for so doing ; nor shall he suffer any 
person to escape, on the penalty of being pun- 
ished for it by the sentence of the court-martial. 

Art. 19. Every officer or provost-martial, to 
whose charge prisoners shall be committed, shall 
within twenty-four hours after such commitment, 
or as soon as he shall be relieved from his guard, 
make report in writing, to the commander in 
chief, or commanding officer, of their names, their 
crimes, and the names of the officers who com- 
mitted them, on the penalty of his being punished 
for disobedience or neglect, at the discretion of a 
court-martial. 

Art 20. Whatever commissioned officer shall 
be convicted before, a general court-martial, of 
behaving in a scandalous and infamous manner, 
such as is unbecoming an officer and a gentleman, 
shall be dismissed the service. 

Art 21. In cases where a court-martial may 
think it proper to sentence a commissioned offi- 
cer to be suspended from command, they shall 
have power also to suspend his pay and emolu- 
ments for the same time, according to the nature 
and heinousness of the offence. 

Art. ,22. In all cases where a commissioned of- 
ficer is cashiered for cowardice, or fraud, it shall 
be added in the sentence, that the crime, name, 
place of abode and punishment of the delinquent 
be published in the newspapers in and about 
camp, and of the particular state from which the 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 125 

offender came, or usually resides ; after which it 
shall be deemed scandalous for any officer to as- 
sociate with him. 

Art, 23. The commanding officer of any post or 
detachment, in which there shall not be a number 
of officers adequate to form a general court-mar- 
tial, shall in cases which require the cognizance of 
such a court, report to the commanding officer of 
the department, who shall order a court to be as- 
sembled at the nearest post or detachment, and 
the party accused, with the necessary witness 
to be transported to the place where the said 
court shall be assembled. 

Art, 24. No person shall be sentenced to Buffer 
death, except in the cases expressly mentioned 
in the aforegoing articles ; nor shall more than 
one hundred lashes be inflicted on any offender, 
at the discretion of a court-martial. 

Every judge advocate, or person officiating as 
such, at any general court-martial, shall transmit, 
with as much expedition as the opportunity of 
time and distance of place can admit, the origi- 
nal proceedings and sentence of such court-mar- 
tial, to the secretary at war, which said original 
proceedings and sentence shall be carefully kept 
and preserved in the office of the said secretary, 
to the end, that persons entitled thereto, may be 
enabled, upon application to the said office, to 
obtain copies thereof. 
11* 



126 POLITICAL. 

The party tried by any general court-martial, 
shall be entitled to a copy of the sentence and 
proceedings of such court-martial after a decision 
on the sentence, upon demand thereof made by 
himself, or by any person or persons in his be- 
half, whether such sentence be approved or not. 

Art 25. In such cases where the general, or 
commanding officer may think proper to order a 
court of inquiry, to examine into the nature of 
any transaction, accusation or imputation against 
any officer or soldier, the said court shall be con- 
ducted conformably to the following regulations : 
It may consist of one or more officers, not ex- 
ceeding three, with the judge advocate, or a suit- 
able person as a recorder, to reduce the proceed- 
ings and evidences to writing, all of whom shall 
be sworn to the faithful performance of their 
duty. This court shall have the same power to 
summon witnesses as a court-martial, and to ex- 
amine them on oath. But they shall not give 
their opinion on the merits of the case, excepting 
they shall be thereto specially required. The 
parties accused shall also be permitted to cross 
examine and interrogate the witnesses, so as to 
investigate fully the circumstances in question. 

Art 26. The proceedings of a court of inquiry 
must be authenticated by the signature of the ! 
recorder, and the president, and delivered to the 
commanding officer ; and the said proceedings 



! 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 127 

may be admitted as evidence, by a court-martial. 
in cases not capital or extending to the dismission 
of an officer ; provided that the circumstances are 
such, that oral testimony cannot be obtained. 
But as courts of inquiry may be perverted to 
dishonorable purposes, and may be considered as 
engines of destruction to military merit, in the 
hands of weak and envious commandants, they are 
hereby prohibited, unless demanded by the 
accused. 

Art. 27. The judge advocate, or the recorder, 
shall administer to the members the following 
oath : 

u You shall well and truly examine and inquire^ 
according to your evidence, into the matter nan- be- 
fore you, without favor or affection. So help you 
God." 

After which the president shall administer to 
the judge advocate, or recorder, the following- 
oath: 

"You A. B. do swear, that you will, according 
to your best abilities, accurately caul impartially re- 
cord the proceedings of the court, and the evidences 
to be given in the case in hearing. So help you 
God," 

The witnesses shall take the same oath as 
is directed to be administered to witnesses sworn 
before a court-martial. 



128 POLITICAL. 

Section XV . — Effects of the Dead. 

Art 1. When any commissioned officer shall 
happen to die, or be killed in the service of the 
United States, the major of the regiment or the 
officer doing the major's duty in his absence, shall 
immediately secure all his effects or equipage 
then in camp or quarters ; and shall, before the 
next regimental court-martial, make an inventory 
thereof, and forthwith transmit the same to the 
office of the board of war, to the end that his ex- 
ecutors may, after payment of his debts in quar- 
ters, and interment, receive the overplus, if any 
there be, to his or their use. 

Art 2. When any non-commissioned officer or 
soldier shall happen to die, or to be killed in the 
service of the United States, the then command- 
ing officer of the troop or company shall, in the 
presence of two other commissioned officers, 
take an account of whatever effects he dies pos- 
sessed of, above his regimental clothing, arms and 
accoutrements, and transmit the same to the of- 
fice of the board of war ; which said effects are to 
be accounted for, and paid to the representative 
of such deceased non-commissioned officer or sol- 
dier. And in case any of the officers, so author- 
ized to take care of the effects of dead officers 
and soldiers, should, before they shall have ac- 
counted to their representatives for the same, 
have occasion to leave the regiment, by prefer- 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 129 

merit or otherwise, they shall, before they be per- 
mitted to quit the same, deposit in the hands of 
the commanding officer, or of the agent of the 
regiment, all the effects of such deceased non- 
commissioned officers and soldiers, in order that 
the same may be secured for, and paid to, their 
respective representativ' 

Section XVI . — Artillery, dec. 

Art. 1. All officers, conductors, gunners, ma- 
trosses, drivers, or any other persons whatsoever, 

receiving pay or hire in the service of the artil- 
lery of the United States, shall be governed by 
the aforesaid rules and articles, and shall be sub- 
ject to be tried by courts-martial, in like man- 
ner with the officers and soldiers of the other 
troops in the service of the United States. 

Art. 2. For differences arising amongst them- 
selves, or in matters relating solely to their own 
corps, the courts-martial may be composed of 
their own officers ; but where a number sufficient 
of such officers cannot be assembled, or in matters 
wherein other corps are interested, the officers of 
artillery shall sit in courts-martial with the offi- 
cers of other corps, taking their rank according 
to the dates of their respective commissions, and 
no otherwise. 



130 POLITICAL. 






Section XVII . — Militia doing duty and rank. 

Art. 1, The officers and soldiers of any troops, 
whether minute men, militia, or others, being 
mustered and in continental pay, shall, at all 
times, and in all places, when joined, or acting in 
conjunction with the regular forces of the United 
States, be governed by these rules or articles of 
war, and shall be subject to be tried by courts- 
martial, in like manner with the officers and sol- 
diers in the regular forces, save only that such 
courts-martial shall be composed entirely of mili- 
tia officers, of the same provincial corps with the 
offender. 

That such militia and minute men as are now 
in service, and have by particular contract with 
their respective states, engaged to be governed 
by particular regulations, while in continental 
service, shall not be subject to the above articles 
of war. 

Art. 2, For the future, all general officers and 
colonels, serving by commission, from the author- 
ity of any particular state, shall, on all detach- 
ments, courts-martial, or other duty wherein they 
may be employed in conjunction with the regu- 
lar forces of the United States, take rank next 
after all generals and colonels serving by com- 
missions from congress, though the commissions 
of such particular generals and colonels should be 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 131 

of elder date. And in like manner,- lieutenant 
colonels, majors, captains and other inferior offi- 
cers, serving by commission from any particular 
state, shall, on all detachments, courts-martial, 
or other duty, wherein they may be employed in 
conjunction with the regular forces of the United 
States, have rank next after all officers of the 
like rank serving by commission from the con- 
gress, though the commissions of such lieutenant 
colonels, majors, captains, and other inferior offi- 
cers, should be of elder date to those of the like 
rank from congress. 

Section XVIII . — Relative to the foregoing 

Articles. 

Art. 1. The aforegoing articles are to be read 
and published once in every two months at the 
head of every regiment, troop or company, mus- 
tered or to be mustered in the service of the 
United States, and are to be duly observed and 
exactly obeyed, by all officers and soldiers, who 
are or shall be in the said service. 

Art. 2. The continental general commanding 
in either of the American states, for the time 
being, shall have full power of appointing gene- 
ral courts-martial to be held, and of pardoning 
and mitigating any of the punishments ordered to 
be inflicted for any of the offences mentioned in 
the aforementioned rules and articles for the bet- 



132 POLITICAL. 

ter government of the troops, except the punish- 
ment of offenders under the sentence of death by 
a general court-martial, which he may order to 
be suspended until the pleasure of congress can 
be known ; which suspension, with the proceed- 
ings of the court-martial, the said general shall 
immediately transmit to congress for their deter- 
mination ; and every offender convicted by any 
regimental court-martial, may be pardoned, or 
have the punishment mitigated by the colonel, or 
commanding officer of the regiment. 

Art. 3. No person shall be sentenced to suffer 
death, except in the cases expressly mentioned 
in the foregoing articles ; nor shall more than 
one hundred lashes be inflicted on any offender, 
at the discretion of a court-martial. 

That every judge advocate, or person officiating 
as such, at any general court-martial, do, and he 
is hereby required to transmit, with as much ex- 
pedition as the opportunity of time and distance 
of place can admit, the original proceedings and 
sentence of such court-martial, to the secretary at 
war, which said original proceedings and sentence 
shall be carefully kept and preserved in the office 
of the said secretary, to the end that persons en- 
titled thereto, may be enabled, upon application 
to the said office, to obtain copies thereof. 

That the party tried by any general court-mar- 
tial, shall be entitled to a copy of the sentence 



RULES AND ARTICLES OF WAR. 

and proceeding uch court-martial, upon de- 

mand thereof made by himself, or by any other 
person or persons on his behalf, whether such 

sentence be approved or not. 

Art. 4. The Held officers of each and every reg- 
iment are to appoint some suitable person be- 
longing to such regiment, to receive all Buch fines 
as may arise within the same, for any breach of 
any of the foregoing articles, and shall direct the 
same to be carefully and properly applied to the 
relief of such sick, wounded or necessitous sol- 
diers as belong to such regimenl ; and such per- 
son shall account with such officer for all fines 
received, and the application thereof. 

Art. 5. All crimes not capital, and all disorders 
and neglects which officers and soldiers maybe 
guilty of, to the prejudice of good order and mil- 
itary discipline, though not mentioned in the 
above articles of war. are to he taken cognizance 
of by a general or regimental court-martial, ac- 
cording to the nature and degree of the offence, 
and be punished at their discretion. 

Art. 6. That the general and commander in 
chief for the time being, shall have full power of 
pardoning or mitigating any of the punishments 
ordered to be inflicted, for any of the offences 
mentioned in the rules and articles of war, for 
the better government of the troops raised and 
to be raised, and kept in pay by, and at the ex- 
12 



134 POLITICAL. 

pense of the United States of America, the fourth 
article resolved in congress the fourteenth day of 
April last notwithstanding. 

Art. 7. That a general officer, commanding 
in a separate department, be empowered to grant 
pardons to, or order execution of persons con- 
demned to suffer death by general courts-martial, 
without being obliged to report the matter to 
congress, or the commander in chief. 

Section XIX . — Spies. 

Art 1. All persons not members of, nor owing 
allegiance to any of the United States of Ameri- 
ca, who shall be found lurking as spies, in or 
about the fortifications or encampments of the 
armies of the United States, or any of them, shall 
suffer death, according to the law and usage of 
nations, by sentence of a court-martial, or such 
other punishment as such court-martial shall 
direct. 



PROVISIONAL ARTICI 135 

Provisional Articles between the United 
States of America and His Britannic 
Majesty, 

Articles agreed upon, by and between Richard 
Oswald, Esq., the Commissioner of his Britannic 

Majesty, for Treating of Peace with the Com, 
sinners of the United States of America, in behalf 
qf his said Majesty, on the one part; a/ndJohn 
Adams, Benjamin Franldin, John Jay, and Hen- 
ry Latin it -v. four of th< Commit of tin 
said States, for f reai in;/ of Peace with the C 
missioncr of his said Majesty, on their behalf on 
tlte other part ; to !>■ insi rt> d in. and to OOnstitvJU 
the Treaty of Peace, proposed to be concluded be- 
tween the Crown of Great Britain and thu said 
United States: but which Treaty is not to l< • 
eluded until terms of a Peaa shall bi agi 
upon between Great Britain and From \ : and his 
Britannic Majesty shall be ready to conclude such 
Treaty accordingly. 

Whereas, reciprocal advantages and mutual 
convenience are found by experience to form the 
only permanent foundation of peace and friendship 
between states : It is agreed to form the articles 
of the proposed treaty, on such principles of lib- 
eral equity and reciprocity, as that partial advan- 
tages (those seeds of discord) being excluded. 



136 POLITICAL. 

such *a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse be- 
tween the two countries may be established, as 
to promise and secure to both, perpetual peace 
and harmony. 

Art 1. His Britannic Majesty ackowledges the 
said United States, viz. New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey? 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Yirginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be free, 
sovereign and independent states ; that he treats 
with them as such ; and for himself, his heirs and 
successors, relinquishes all claims to the govern- 
ment, propriety and territorial rights of the same, 
and every part thereof; and that all disputes 
which might arise in future, on the subject of the 
boundaries of the said United States may be pre- 
vented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the 
following are, and shall be their boundaries, viz. 

Art 2. From the north-west angle of Nova 
Scotia, viz. that angle which is formed by a line, 
drawn due north from the source of St. Croix 
river to the Highlands ; along the said Highlands 
which divide those rivers, that empty themselves 
into the river St. Lawrence, from those which 
fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the north-wes- 
ternmost head of Connecticut river, thence down 
along the middle of that river, to the forty-fifth 
degree of north latitude ; from thence, by a line 



PROVISIONAL ABTICLKS. 137 

due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river 
Iroquois Cataraquy ; thence along the middli 
said river into lake Ontario, through fcbe middle 
of said lake until it strikes the communication by 
water between that lake and lake Erie : thence 
along the middle of said communication into lake 
Erie, through the middle of said hike until it 
arrives at the water-communication between that 
lake and lake Huron ; thence along the middle of 
said water-communication into the lake Huron ; 
thence through the middle of said lake to the water- 
communication between that lake and lake Supe- 
rior ; thence through lake Superior northward of 
the isles Royal and Phillipeaux. to the Long 
lake ; thence through the middle of said Long 
lake, and the water-communication between it 
and the lake of the Woods, to the said lake of 
the Woods ; thence through the said lake to the 
most north-western point thereof, and from thence 
on a due west course to the river Mississippi ; 
thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of 
the said river Mississippi, until it shall intersect 
the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of 
north latitude. South by a line to be drawn due 
east from the determination of the line last men- 
tioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north 
of the Equator, to the middle of the river Apala- 
chicola or Catahouchi ; thence along the middle 
thereof to its junction with the Flint river ; thence 
12* 



138 POLITICAL. 

straight to the head of St. Mary's river ; and thence 
down along the middle of St. Mary's river to the 
Atlantic ocean. East by a line to be drawn 
along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its 
mouth in the bay of Fundy to its source, and 
from its source directly north to the aforesaid 
Highlands which divide the rivers that fall into 
the Atlantic ocean, from those which fall into the 
river St. Lawrence , comprehening all islands 
within twenty leagues of any part of the shores 
of the United States, and lying between lines 
to be drawn due east from the points where the 
aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the 
one part, and East Florida on the other, shall re- 
spectively touch the bay of Fundy and the At- 
lantic ocean ; excepting such islands as now are, 
or heretofore have been within the limits of the 
said province of Nova Scotia. 

Art. 3. [This article being a tedious stipulation in regard to 
fisheries is omitted.] 

Art. 4. It is agreed that creditors on either 
side, shall meet with no lawful impediment to 
the recovery of the full value in sterling money, 
of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted. 

Art. 5. It is agreed that the congress shall 
earnestly recommend it to the legislatures of the 
respective States,, to provide for the restitution 
of all estates, rights and properties, which have 



PROVISIONAL ARTICLES. 139 

been confiscated, belonging to real British sub- 
jects, and also of the estates, rights and proper- 
ties of persons resident in districts in the posses- 
sion of his Majesty's arms, and who have not borne 
arms against the said United States. And that 
persons of any other description shall have free 
liberty to go to any part or parts of any of the 
thirteen United States, and therein to remain 
twelve months unmolested in their endeavors to 
obtain the restitution of such of their estates, 
rights and properties, as may have been confis- 
cated ; and that congress shall also earnestly re- 
commend to the several States, a reconsideration 
and revision of all acts or laws regarding the 
premises, so as to render the said laws or acts 
perfectly consistent, not only with justice and 
equity, but with that spirit of conciliation, which 
on the return of the blessings of peace should 
universally prevail. And that congress shall 
also earnestly recommend to the several States, 
that the estates, rights and properties of such last 
mentioned persons shall be restored to them, 
they refunding to any persons who may be now 
in possession, the bona fide price, (where any has 
been given,) which such persons may have paid 
on purchasing any of the said lands, rights or 
properties, since the confiscation. And it is 
agreed, that all persons w T ho have any interest in 
confiscated lands, either by debts, marriage-set- 



140 POLITICAL. 

tlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful 
impediment in the prosecution of their just rights. 

Art 6. That there shall be no future confisca- 
tions made, nor any prosecutions commenced 
against any person or persons for, or by reason 
of the part which he or they may have taken in 
the present war ; and that no person shall, on 
that account, suffer any future loss or damage, 
either in his person, liberty or property, and that 
those who may be in confinement on such charges, 
at the time of the ratification of the treaty in 
America, shall be immediately set at liberty, and 
the prosecutions so commenced be discontinued. 

Art 7. There shall be a firm and perpetual 
peace between his Britannic Majesty and the 
said States, and between the subjects of the one 
and the citizens of the other, wherefore all hos- 
tilities both by sea and land, shall then immedi- 
ately cease. All prisoners on both sides shall be 
set at liberty, and his Britannic Majesty shall with 
all convenient speed, and without causing any de- 
struction, or carrying away any negroes or other 
property of the American inhabitants, withdraw 
all his armies, garrisons and fleets from the said 
United States, and from every port, place and 
harbor within the same ; leaving in all fortifica- 
tions, the American artillery that may be therein ; 
and shall also order and cause all archives, re- 
cords, deeds and papers, belonging to any of the 



ARMISTICE. 141 

said states, or their citizens, which in the course 
of the war may have fallen into the hands of his 
officers, to be forthwith restored and delivered to 
the proper states and persons to whom they belong. 

Art. 8. The navigation of the river V ;,pi. 

from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain 
free and open to the sul jects of Great Britain and 
the citizens of the United Stat 

Art. 9. In case it should so happen that any 
place or territory belonging to Great Britain or 
to the United States, should be conquered by the 
arms of either from the other, before the arrival 
of these articles in America, it i d, that the 

same shall be restored without difficulty, and with- 
out requiring any compensation. 

Done at Pari*, the thirtieth day of November^ in 
the //ear one thousand seven hundred arid eighty-two. 



142 POLITICAL. 

Armistice declaring a Cessation of Hostilities 
between the United States and Great 
Britain. 

We, the undersigned Ministers Plenipotentiary of 
the United States of North America, having re- 
ceived from Mr. Fitz Herbert, Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary of his Britannic Majesty, a declaration, 
relative to a suspension of arms, to be established 
between his said Majesty and the said States, tJie 
tenor whereof is as follows : 

" Whereas the preliminary articles agreed 
upon and signed this day, between his Majesty 
the King of Great Britain and his Majesty the 
most Christian King on the one part, and likewise 
between his said Britannic Majesty and his Cath- 
olic Majesty on the other part, contain the stipu- 
lation of a cessation of hostilities between those 
three powers, which is to take place after the ex- 
change of the ratifications of the said preliminary 
articles. And whereas, by the provisional treaty 
signed on the thirtieth day of November last, 
between his Britannic Majesty and the United 
States of North America, it hath been stipulated 
that, that treaty should take effect as soon as 
peace should be established between the said 
crowns. The undersigned Minister Plenipoten- 
tiary of his Britannic Majesty, does declare, in the 



ARMISTICE. 143 

name and by the express order of the King, his 
master, that the said United States of Xorth 
America, their subjects and their possessions, 
shall be comprehended in the above mentioned 
suspension of arms, and that, in consequence, they 
shall enjoy the benefit of the cessation of hostili- 
ties, at the same epochs, and in the same manner 
as the three crowns above mentioned, their sub- 
jects and their respective possessions ; the whole 
upon condition, that on the part and in the name 
of the said United States of Xorth America, a 
similar declaration shall be delivered expressly, 
declaring their assent to the present suspension of 
arms, and containing the assurance of the most 
perfect reciprocity on their part. 

In faith whereof, ice, the Minister Plenipoten- 
tiary of his Britannic Majesty, have signed the 
present declaration, and have caused the seal of 
our arms to be thereto affixed. 
Versailles, 20th January, 1783. 

(Signed,) (l. s.) Alleyne Fitz Herbert. 

Have, in the name of the said United States of 
North America, and by virtue of the powers with 



which they have vested us, accepted the above 
declaration, do by these presents merely and 
simply accept it, and do reciprocally delare that 
the said States shall cause all hostilities to cease 
I against his Britannic Majesty, his subjects and his 



144 POLITICAL. 

possessions, at the terms and epochs agreed upon 
between his said Majesty the King of Great Brit- 
ain, his Majesty the King of France, and his Maj- 
esty the King of Spain, so, and in the same man- 
ner, as has been agreed between those three 
crowns, and to produce the same effects. 

In faith whereof, we, the Ministers Plenipo- 
tentiary of the United States of North America, 
have signed the present declaration, and have 
affixed thereto the seal of our arms. 
Versailles, the 20th of January, 1783. 

(Signed,) John Adams, (l. s.) 
B. Franklin, (l. s.) 



Definitive Treaty of Peace between the United 
States of America, and his Britannic Majes- 
ty. In the name of the Most Holy and Un- 
divided Trinity. 

It having pleased the Divine Providence to 
dispose the hearts of the most serene and most 
potent Prince George the Third, by the Grace of 
God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, 
Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and 
Lunenburg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector 
of the Holy Roman Empire, &c, and of the Uni- 
ted States of America, to forget all past misunder- 



DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE. 145 

standings and differences that have unhappily in- 
terrupted the good correspondence and friendship 
which they mutually wish to restore ; and U 
tablish such a beneficial and satisfactory inter- 
course between the two countries, upon the ground 
of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience, 
as may promote and secure to both perpetual 
peace and harmony. And having for this desira- 
ble end, already laid the foundation of peace and 
reconciliation, by the provisional articles, signed 
at Paris, on the thirtieth of November, one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, by the 
commissioners empowered on each part, which 
articles were agreed to be inserted in, and to 
constitute the treaty of peace proposed to be con- 
cluded between the crown of Great Britain and 
the said United States, but which treaty was not 
to be concluded until terms of peace should be 
agreed upon between Great Britain and France, 
and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to con- 
clude such treaty accordingly ; and the treaty be- 
tween Great Britain and France, having since 
been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the 
United States of America, in order to carry into 
full effect the provisional articles above men- 
tioned, according to the tenor thereof, have con- 
stituted and appointed, that is to say, his Britan- 
nic Majesty on his part, David Hartley, Esq., 
Member of the Parliament of Great Britain ; and 
13 



146 POLITICAL. 

the said United States on their part, John Adams, 
Esq., late a Commissioner of the United States of 
America at the Court of Versailles, late Delegate 
in Congress from the state of Massachusetts, and 
Chief Justice of the said state, and Minister Plen- 
ipotentiary of the said United States to their 
High Mightinesses the States General of the Uni- 
ted Netherlands ; Benjamin Franklin, Esq., late 
Delegate in Congress from the State of Pennsyl- 
vania, President of the Convention of the said 
State, and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Uni- 
ted States of America at the Court of Versailles ; 
John Jay, Esq., late President of Congress, and 
Chief Justice of the State of New York, and Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary from the said United States 
at the Court of Madrid, to be the Plenipotentia- 
ries for the concluding and signing the present 
definitive treaty ; who after having reciprocally 
communicated their respective full powers, have 
agreed upon and confirmed the following articles. 
o [Art 1. His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the 
said United States, viz. New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be 
free, sovereign and independent States : that he 
treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs 
and successors, relinquishes all claims to the gov- 



DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE. 147 

ernment, propriety and territorial rights of the 
same, and every part thereof. 

Art. 2. [Same as in the preliminary treaty.] 

Art 3. It is agred that the people of the United 
States shall continue to enjoy unmolested the 
right to take fish of every kind on the grand 
bank, and all the other banks of Newfoundland ; 
also in the gulph of St. Lawrence, and at all other 
places in the sea, where the inhabitants of both 
countries used at any time heretofore to fish ; and 
also that the inhabitants of the United States shall 
have liberty to take fish of every kind on such 
part of the coast of Newfoundland as British fish- 
ermen shall use, (but not to dry or cure the same 
on that island ;) and also on the coasts, bays and 
creeks of all other of his Britannic Majesty's do- 
minions in America ; and that the American fish- 
ermen shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in 
any of the unsettled bays, harbors and creeks of 
Nova Scotia, Magdalen islands, and Labrador, so 
long as the same shall remain unsettled ; but so 
soon as the same or either of them shall be set- 
tled, it shall not be lawful for the said fishermen 
to dry or cure fish at such settlement, without a 
previous agreement for that purpose with the in- 
habitants, proprietors or possessors of the ground. 

Art 4. It is agreed that creditors on either 
side, shall meet with no lawful impediment to the 



148 POLITICAL. 

recovery of the full value in sterling money, of 
all bona fide debts heretofore contracted. 

Art. 5. It is agreed that the congress shall 
earnestly recommend it to the legislatures of the 
respective States, to provide for the restitution of 
all estates, rights and properties, which have been 
confiscated, belonging to real British subjects, and 
also of the estates, rights and properties of per- 
sons resident in districts in the possession of his 
Majesty's arms, and who have not borne arms 
against the said United States. And that persons 
of any other description shall have free liberty to 
go to any part or parts of any of the thirteen 
United States, and therein to remain twelve 
months, unmolested in their endeavors to obtain 
the restitution of such of their estates, rights and 
^properties, as may have been confiscated; and 
that congress shall also earnestly recommend to 
the several States, a reconsideration and revision 
of all acts or laws regarding the premises, so as 
to render the said laws or acts perfectly consist- 
ent, not only with justice and equity, but with 
that spirit of conciliation, which on the return of 
the blessings of peace, should universally prevail. 
And that congress shall also earnestly recommend 
to the several States, that the estates, rights and 
properties of such last mentioned persons shall be 
restored to them, they refunding to any persons 
who may be now in possession, the bona fide 



I.VITIVE TREATY OF PEACE. 149 

price, (where any has been given,) which such 
persons may have paid on purchasing any of the 

said lands, rights or properties, since the conl 
cation. And it is agreed, that all persons who 
have any interest in confiscated lands, either by 
debts, marriage settlements, or otherwise, shall 
meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecu- 
tion of their just rights. 

Art. 6. That there shall he no future confisca- 
tions made, nor any prosecutions commenced 
against any person or pen or, or by reason 

of the part which he or they may have taken in 
the present war ; and that no person shall, on 
that account, suffer any future loss or damage, 
either in his person, liberty or property : and that 
those who maybe in confinement on such charges, 
at the time of the ratification of the treaty in 
America, shall be immediately set at liberty, and 
the prosecutions so commenced be discontinued. 
Art. 7. There shall be a firm and perpetual 
peace between his Britannic Majesty and the said 
States, and between the subjects of the one and 
the citizens of the other, wherefore all hostilities 
both by sea and land, shall from henceforth cease : 
All prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty, 
and his Britannic Majesty shall, with all conve- 
nient speed, and without causing any destruction, 
or carrying away any negroes or other property 
i of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his 
13* 



150 POLITICAL. 

armies, garrisons and fleets from the said United 
States, and from every post, place and harbor 
within the same ; leaving in all fortifications the 
American artillery that may be therein ; and 
shall also order and cause all archives, records, 
deeds and papers, belonging to any of the said 
States, or their citizens, which in the course of 
the war may have fallen into the hands of his 
officers, to be forthwith restored and delivered to 
the proper states and persons to whom they 
belong. 

Art. 8. The navigation of the river Mississippi, 
from its source to the ocean, shall forever re- 
main free and open to the subjects of Great 
Britain, and the citizens of the United States. 

Art. 9. In case it should so happen that any 
place or territory belonging to Great Britain or 
to the United States, should have been conquered 
by the arms of either from the other, before the 
arrival of the said provisional articles in America, 
it is agreed, that the same shall be restored with- 
out difficulty, and without requiring any compen- 
sation. 

Art. 10. The solemn ratifications of the present 
treaty, expedited in good and due form, shall be 
exchanged between the contracting parties, in the 
space of six months, or sooner, if possible, to be 
computed from the day of the signature of the 
present treaty. In witness whereof, we the un- 



AN ORDINANCE OF 1787. 151 

dersigned, their Ministers Plenipotentiary, have 
in their name, and in virtue of our full pan 
signed with our hands the present definitive treaty, 
and caused the seals of our arms to be affixed 
thereto. 

Done at Paris, this third day of September^ in 

the year of our Lord, one thousand seven Jtun- 

dred and eight y-thr<< . 



An Ordinance of 1787 for the Government of 
the Territory of the United States, north- 
west of the river Ohio. 

Be it ordained by the United States in Cong/ 
assembled, That the said territory, for the purposes 
of temporary government, be one district ; sub- 
ject, however, to be divided into two district 
future circumstances may, in the opinion of Con- 
gress, make it expedient. 

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That 
the estates both of resident and non-resident pro- 
prietors in the said territory, dying intestate, 
shall descend to and be distributed among their 
children and the descendants of a deceased child 
in equal parts ; the descendants of a deceased 
child or grandchild to take the share of their de- 
ceased parent in equal parts among them ; and 



152 POLITICAL. 

where there shall be no children or descendants, 
then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal 
degree ; and among collaterals, the children of a 
deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall 
have in equal parts among them their deceased 
parent's share ; and there shall in no case be a 
distinction between kindred of the whole and 
half blood ; saving in all cases to the widow of 
the intestate her third part of the real estate for 
life, and one-third part of the personal estate ; 
and this law relative to descents and dower shall 
remain in full force until altered by the legisla- 
ture of the district. And until the governor and 
judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, 
estates in the said territory may be devised or 
bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed 
by him or her in whom the estate may be, (being 
of full age,) and attested by three witnesses ; and 
real estates may be conveyed by lease and re- 
lease, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and de- 
livered by the person, being of full age, in whom 
the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, 
provided such wills be duly proved, and such con- 
veyances be acknowledged, or the execution 
thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one 
year after proper magistrates, courts and regis- 
ters shall be appointed for that purpose ; and per- 
sonal property may be transferred by delivery, 
saving, however, to the French and Canadian in- 



AN ORDINANCE OF 1787. 153 

habitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, 
Saint Vincent's, and the neighboring villages, who 
have heretofore professed themselves citizens of 
"Virginia, their laws and customs now in force 
among them relative to the descent and convey- 
ance of property. 

Be it ordained by (he anthority aforesaid. That 
there shall be appointed from time to time, by 
Congress, a governor, whose commission shall 
continue in force for the term of three years, un- 
less sooner revoked by Congress ; he shall reside 
in the district, and have a freehold estate therein, 
in one thousand acres of land, while in the exer- 
cise of his office. 

There shall be appointed from time to time by 
Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall 
continue in force for four years, unless sooner 
revoked ; he shall reside in the district, and have 
a freehold estate therein, in five hundred acres of 
land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall 
be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and 
laws passed by the legislature, and the public re- 
cords of the district, and the proceedings of the 
governor in his executive department, and trans- 
mit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings 
every six months to the secretary of Congress. 
There shall also be appointed a court, to consist 
of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, 
who shall have a common-law jurisdiction, and 



154 POLITICAL. 

reside in the district, and have each therein a 
freehold estate in five hundred acres of land, 
while in the exercise of their offices ; and their 
commissions shall continue in force during good 
behavior. 

The governor and judges, or a majority of 
them, shall adopt and publish in the district such 
laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as 
may be necessary and best suited to the circum- 
stances of the district, and report them to Con- 
gress from time to time, which laws shall be in 
force in the district until the organization of the 
General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of 
by Congress ; but afterwards the legislature shall 
have authority to alter them as they shall think 

at. 

The governor, for the time being, shall be com- 
mander in chief of the militia, appoint and com- 
mission all officers in the same below the rank of 
general officers ; all general officers shall be ap- 
pointed and commissioned by Congress. 

Previous to the organization of the General 
Assembly, the governor shall appoint such maj 
istrates and other civil officers, in each count} 
or township, as he shall find necessary for the 
preservation of the peace and good order in the 
same. After the General Assembly shall be or- 
ganized, the powers and duties of magistrates and 
other civil officers shall be regulated and defined 



AN ORDINANCE OF 1787. 155 

by the said Assembly ; but all magistrates and 
other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, 
shall, during the continuance of this temporary 
government, be appointed by the governor. 

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the 
laws to be adopted or made shall have force in 
all parts of the district, and for the execution of 
process, criminal and civil, the governor shall 
make proper divisions thereof; and he shall pro- 
ceed from time to time, as circumstances may 
require, to lay out the parts of the district in 
which the Indian titles shall have been extin- 
guished into counties and townships, subject, 
however, to such alterations as may thereafter be 
made by the legislature. 

So soon as there shall be five thousand free 
male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, upon 
giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall 
receive authority, with time and place, to elect 
representatives from their counties or townships, 
to represent them in the General Assembly ; pro- 
vided that, for every live hundred free male in- 
habitants, there shall be one representative, and 
so on progressively with the number of free male 
inhabitants shall the right of representation in- 
crease, until the number of representatives shall 
amount to twenty-five, after which the number and 
proportion of representatives shall be regulated 
by the legislature ; provided that no person be 



156 POLITICAL. 

eligible or qualified to act as a representative 
unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the 
United States three years, and be a resident in 
the district, or unless he shall have resided in the 
district three years, and in either case shall like- 
wise hold in his own right, in fee-simple, two 
hundred acres of land within the same : Provided 
also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land in the 
district, having been a citizen of one of the States, 
and being a resident in the district, or the like 
freehold and two years 7 residence in the district, 
shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector 
of a representative. 

The representatives thus elected shall serve for 
the term of two years, and, in case of the death 
of a representative, or removal from office, the 
governor shall issue a writ to the county or town- 
ship for which he was a member to elect another 
in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term. 

The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall 
consist of the governor, legislative council, and a 
house of representatives. The legislative council 
shall consist of five members, to continue in office 
five years, unless sooner removed by Congress, 
any three of whom to be a quorum, and the mem- 
bers of the council shall be nominated and ap- 
pointed in the following manner, to wit : As soon 
as representatives shall be elected, the governor 
shall appoint a time and place for them to meet 



ORDINANCE OF 1787. 157 

together, and, when met, they shall nominate ten 
persons, residents in the district, and each pos- 
sessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of land, 
and return their names to Congress ; five of whom 
Congress shall appoint and commission to serve 
as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall hap- 
pen in the council, by death or removal from of- 
fice, the house of representatives shall nominate 
two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each va- 
cancy, and return their names to Congress ; one 
of whom Congress shall appoint and commission 
for the residue of the term : and every live y» 
four months at least before the expiration of the 
time of service of the members of council, the 
said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified 
as aforesaid, and return their names to Congre>>, 
five of whom Congress shall appoint and commis- 
sion to serve as members of the council five year.-, 
unless sooner removed. And the governor, leg- 
islative council, and house of representatives, shall 
have authority to make laws, in all cases, for the 
good government of the district, not repugnant 
to the principles and articles in this ordinance es- 
tablished and declared. And all bills, having 
passed by a majority in the house, and by a 
majority in the council, shall be referred to the 
governor for his assent : but no bill or legislative 
act whatever, shall be of any force without his 
assent. The governor shall have power to con- 
14 



158 POLITICAL. 

vene, prorogue, and dissolve the General Assem- 
bly, when in his opinion it shall be expedient. 

The governor, judges, legislative council, sec- 
retary, and such other officers as Congress shall 
appoint in the district, shall take an oath or af- 
firmation of fidelity, and of office ; the governor 
before the president of Congress, and all other 
officers before the governor. As soon as a legis- 
lature shall be formed in the district, the council 
and house assembled, in one room, shall have au- 
thority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Con- 
gress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a 
right of debating, but not of voting, during this 
temporary government. 

And for extending the fundamental principles 
of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis 
whereon these republics, their laws, and constitu- 
tions are erected ; to fix and establish those prin- 
ciples as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and 
governments, which forever hereafter shall be 
formed in the said territory ; to provide, also, for 
the establishment of States, and permanent gov- 
ernment therein, and for their admission to a 
share in the federal councils on an equal footing 
with the original States, at as early periods as 
may be consistent with the general interest : 

It is hereby ordained, and declared, by the author- 
ity aforesaid, That the following articles shall be 
considered as articles of compact, between the 



ORDINANCE OF 1787. 159 

original States and the people and States in the 
said territory, and for ever remain unalterable, 
unless by common consent, to wit: 

Art. 1. Xo person, demeaning himself in a 
peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be 
molested on account of his mode of worship or 
religious sentiments, in the said territory. 

Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory 
shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ 
of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a 
proportionate representation of the people in the 
legislature, and of judicial proceedings according 
to the course of the common law. All persons 
shall be bailable, unless for capital offences, where 
the proof shall be evident, or the presumption 
great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel 
or unusual punishments shall be inflicted Xo 
man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, 
but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of 
the land, and should the public exigencies make 
it necessary, for the common preservation, to take 
any person's property, or to demand his particu- 
lar services, full compensation shall be made for 
the same. And, in the just preservation of rights 
and property, it is understood and declared, that 
no law ought ever to be made, or have force in 
the said territory, that shall, in any manner what- 
ever, interfere with, or affect private contracts or 
engagements, bona fide, and without fraud pre- 
viously formed. 



160 POLITICAL. 

Art 3. Religion, morality and knowledge, being 
necessary to good government, and the happiness 
of mankind, schools and the means of education 
shall for ever be encouraged. The utmost good 
faith shall always be observed towards the In- 
dians : their lands and property shall never be 
taken from them without their consent ; and in 
their property, rights and liberty, they never shall 
be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and law- 
ful wars authorized by Congress ; but laws found- 
ed in justice and humanity shall, from time to 
time, be made, for preventing wrongs being done 
to them, and for preserving peace and friendship 
with them. 

Art 4. The said territory, and the States which 
may be formed therein, shall for ever remain a 
part of this confederacy of the United States of 
America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, 
and to such alterations therein as shall be consti- 
tutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinan- 
ces of the United States, in Congress assembled, 
conformable thereto. The inhabitants and set- 
tlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay 
a part' of the federal debts, contracted or to be 
contracted, and a proportional part of the expen- 
ses of government, to be apportioned on them by 
Congress, according to the same common rule and 
measure by which apportionments thereof shall 
be made on the other States ; and the taxes for 



ORDINANCE HP 1787. 101 

paying their proportion shall be laid and levied 
by the authority and direction of the legislatures 

of the district or districts, or new States, sua in the 
original States, within the time agreed upon by 
the United States, in Congress assembled. The 
legislatures of those districts, or new States, shall 
never interfere with the primary disposal of the 
soil by the United States, in Congress assembled, 
nor with any regulations Congress may find ne- 
cessary, for securing the title in such soil, to the 
bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed 
on lands, the property of the United States ; and 
in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed 
higher than residents. The navigable waters 
leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, 
and the carrying places between the same, shall 
be common highways, and for ever free, as well 
to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the 
citizens of the United States, and those of any 
other States that may be admitted into the Con- 
federacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. 
Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said ter- 
ritory, not less than three, nor more than five 
States ; and the boundaries of the States, as soon 
as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and con- 
sent to the same, shall become fixed and estab- 
lished as follows, to wit : the western State in 
the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mis- 
sissippi, the Ohio and Wabash rivers ; a direct 
14* 



162 POLITICAL. 

line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, 
due north, to the territorial line between the 
United States and Canada ; and by the said ter- 
ritorial line to the lake of the Woods and Missis- 
sippi. The middle States shall be bounded by 
the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Yin- 
cents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line 
drawn due north from the mouth of the Great 
Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said 
territorial line. The eastern State shall be 
bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the 
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line : 
provided, however, and it is further understood 
and declared, that the boundaries of these three 
States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, 
if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they 
shall have authority to form one or two States in 
that part of the said territory which lies north of 
an east and west line drawn through the southerly 
9 bend or extreme of lake Michigan. And when- 
ever any of the said States shall have sixty 
thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall 
be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress 
of the Unted States, on an equal footing with the 
original States, in all respects whatever ; and shall 
be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and 
State government ; provided the constitution and 
government, so to be formed, shall be republican, 
and in conformity to the principles contained in 



ORDINANCE OF 1787. 163 

these articles, and, so far as can be consistent 
with the general interest of the Confederacy, such 
admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, 
and when there may he a less number of free in- 
habitants in the State than sixty thousand. 

Art. G. There shall be neither slavery nor in- 
voluntary servitude in the said territory, other- 
wise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof 
the party shall have been duly convicted ; pro- 
vided, always, that any person escaping into the 
same, from whom labor or service is lawfully 
claimed in any one of the original States, such 
fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed 
to the person claiming his or her labor or service 
as aforesaid. 

Be it ordained by fife authority aforesaid, That 
the resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative 
to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same 
are hereby repealed, and declared null and void. 

Done by the United States, in Congress assem- 
bled, the 13th day of July, in the year of our 
Lord, 1787, and of their sovereignty and in- 
dependence the 12 th. 

CHARLES THOMSON, SeJy. 



164 POLITICAL. 



Constitution of the United States of America. 

^Sentence 1. 

We the People of the United States, in order to 
form a more perfect Union, establish justice, 
insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, 
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of Amer- 
ica 

Sentence 2. 

Article I, Section 1. All legislative powers 
herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Sentence 3. 

Art. I, Sec. 2. The House of Representatives 
shall be composed of members chosen every sec- 
ond year by the people of the several States, and 
the electors in each State shall have the qualifica- 
tions requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State Legislature. 

*The Constitution has been divided into sentences by the author of 
this book for convenience of reference. Every period, according to 
the punctuation of the original, in the State department, constitutes a 
sentence. I make this statement in regard to punctuation on the au- 
thority of the certificate of James Buchanan, Secretary of State ; to be 
found in Hickey's edition of the Constitution, page 31. 






: 



CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED BTATKf 165 

Sentence 4 . 

Art. I, Sec. 2, d. Xo person shall be 

a Representative who shall not have attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven 
years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not. when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State in which he shall be chosen. 

" : N T E N C E 

Art. I. fi . Representatives and 

direct taxes shall be apportioned among the - 
eral States which may be included within this 
Union, according to their tive numbers. 

which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
number of free 08, including those bound to 

service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 

IIT1V01 I 

Art. I, S( d. The actual enume- 

ration shall be made within three years after the 
first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. 

Sentence 7. 

Art. I, S wtinued. The number of Rep- 

resentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
Representative : and until such enumeration 



166 POLITICAL. 

shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, 
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey 
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mary- 
land six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South 
Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Sentence 8. 

Art. I, Sec. 2, continued. When vacancies hap- 
pen in the representation from any State, the ex- 
ecutive authority thereof shall issue writs of 
election to fill such vacancies. 

Sentence 9. 

Art. I, Sec. 2, continued. The House of Rep- 
resentatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers ; and shall have the sole power of im- 
peachment. 

Sentence 10. 

Art. I, Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States 
shall be composed of two Senators from each 
State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Sentence 11. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. Immediately after 
they shall be assembled in consequence of the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 

first election, they shall be divided as equally as 
may be into three classes. 

SlHTlHOl 12. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued, The seats of the Sen- 
ators of the first class shall be vacated at the ex- 
piration of the second year ; of the second class, 
at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the 
third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so 
that one-third may be chosen every second year ; 
and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any 
State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the Leg- 
islature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

Sentence 13. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. No person shall be 
a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elect- 
ed, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
shall be chosen. 

Sentence 14. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. The Vice President 
of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 



168 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 15. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. The Senate shall 
choose their other officers, and also a President 
pro tempore, in the absence of the Yice Presi- 
dent, or when he shall exercise the office of Pres- 
ident of the United States. 

Sentence 16. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. The Senate shall 
have the sole power to try all impeachments. 

Sentence 17. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. When sitting for that 
purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 

Sentence 18. 

Art. I, Sec. 3, continued. When the President 
of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
shall preside : And no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Sentence 19. 

Art. I, 'Sec. 3, continued. Judgment in cases 
of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under 
the United States : but the party convicted, shall, 
nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 



CONSTITUTION' OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 

Sentence 20. 

Art. I, Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of 
holding elections for Senators and Representat i 
shall be prescribed in each State by the Legisla- 
ture thereof; but the Congress may at any time 
by law, make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing Senators. 

Sentp. 2 1 . 

Art. I, Sec. 4, txmtinued. The Cong ball 

assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
ber, unless they shall by law appoint a different 

day. 

Sentence 22. 

Art. I, Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge 
of the elections, returns and qualifications of its 
own members, and a majority of each shall consti- 
tute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller num- 
ber may adjourn from day to day. and may be au- 
thorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
bers, in such manner, and under such penalties 
as each House may provide. 

Sentence '23 . 

Art. I, Sec. 5, continued. Each House may 
determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the 
concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
15 



170 POLITICAL. 

Se ntence 24 . 

Art. I, Sec. 5, continued. Each House shall 
keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time 
to time publish the same, excepting such parts as 
may in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either House 
on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth 
of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Sentence 25. 

Art. I, Sec. 5, continued. Neither House, dur- 
ing the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Sentence 26 . 

Art I. Sec. 6. The Senators and Kepresenta- 
tives shall receive a compensation for their ser- 
vices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of 
the Treasury of the United States. 

Sentence 27. 

Art. I, Sec. 6, continued. They shall in all 
cases, except treason, felony and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their at- 
tendance at the session of their respective Houses, 
and in going to and returning from the same ; 
and for any speech or debate in either House, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 

Sentence 28. 

Art I, Sec. 6, continued. Xo Senator or Rep- 
resentative shall, during the time for which he 
was elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof 
shall have been increased during such time ; and 
no person holding any office under the United 
States, shall be a member of either House during 
his continuance in office. 

Sentence 29. 

Art. I, Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue 
shall originate in the House of Representatives ; 
but the Senate may propose or concur with 
amendments as on other bills. 

Sentence 30. 

Art I, Sec. 7, continued. Every bill which 
shall have passed the House of Representatives 
and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be 
presented to the President of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall 
return it, with his objections to that House in 
which it shall have originated, who shall enter 
the objections at large on their journal, and pro- 
ceed to reconsider it. 



172 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 31. 

Art. I, Sec. 7, continued. If after such recon- 
sideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. 

Se ntence 3 2 . 

Art. I, Sec. 7, continued. But in all such cases 
the votes of both Houses shall be determined by 
yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each House respectively. 

Sentence 3 3. 

Art. I, Sec. 7, continued. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre- 
sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress 
by their adjournment prevent its return, in which 
case it shall not be a law. 

Sentence 34 . 

Art. I, Sec. 7, continued. Every order, reso- 
lution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of adjournment) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 

shall be presented to the President of the United 
States; and before the same shall take eff! 
shall be approved by him. or being disapproved 

by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according 
to the rules and limitations prescribed in the <• 
of a bill. 

Senti 35. 

Art. I, Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power 
to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and ex- 
cises, to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
mon defence and general welfare of the United 
States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be 
uniform throughout the United States ; to borrow 
money on the credit of the United States : to 
regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian 
tribes ; to establish an uniform rule of naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- 
ruptcies throughout the United States ; to coin 
, money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign 
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting 
the securities and current coin of the United 
States ; to establish post offices and post roads : 
to promote the progress of science and useful arts. 
j by securing for limited times to authors and in- 
1 ventors the exclusive right to their respective 
15* 



174 POLITICAL. 

writings and discoveries ; to constitute tribunals 
inferior to the supreme court ; to define and pun- 
ish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations ; to 
declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water ; to raise and support armies, but no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
term than two years ; to provide and maintain a 
navy ; to make rules for the government and reg- 
ulation of the land and na\ al forces ; to provide 
for calling forth the militia to execute the laws 
of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel in- 
vasions ; to provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining, the militia, and for governing such 
part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States, reserving to the States res- 
pectively, the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia according to the 
discipline prescribed by Congress ; to exercise 
exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as 
may, by cession of particular States, and the ac- 
ceptance of Congress, become the seat of the gov- 
ernment of the United States, and to exercise 
like authority over all places purchased by the 
consent of the legislature of the State in which 
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 

buildings ; and to make all laws which shall be 
necessary and proper for canning into execution 
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vec 
by this Constitution in the government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. 

NT1NCI 3 G . 

Art. I, Sec. 9. The migration or importation 
of such persons as any of the States now existing 
shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

Sentence 37. 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. The privilege of the 
writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, un- 
less when in cases of rebellion or invasion the 
public safety may require it. 

Sentence 3S. 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. Xo bill of attainder 
or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

Sentence 39. 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. Xo capitation, or 
other direct tax, shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census or enumeration herein before 
directed to be taken. 



176 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 40. 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. No tax or duty shall 
be laid on articles exported from any State. 

Sentence 41. 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. No preference shall 
be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- 
enue to the ports of one State over those of 
another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, 
one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

S ENTENCE 42 . 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. No money shall be 
drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- 
ment and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

Se nte nce 43 . 

Art. I, Sec. 9, continued. No title of nobility 
shall be granted by the United States : and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under 
them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or 
foreign state. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 177 

Se NTE NCE 44 . 

Art. 1, Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any 
treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of 
marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a 
tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of at- 
tainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 

nobility. 

Sentence 45. 

Art. 1, Sec. 10, continued. Xo State shall, 
without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- 
posts or duties on imports or exports, except 
what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws : and the net produce of all 
duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports 
or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of 
the United States ; and all such laws shall be sub- 
ject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

Sentence 46. 

Art. 1, Sec. 10, continued. No State shall, 
without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact 
with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 



178 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 47 . 

Art. II, Sec. 1. The executive power shall be 
vested in a President of the United States of 
America. 

Sentence 48. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years, and, together 
with the Vice President, chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : Each State shall 
appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the 
whole number of Senators and Representatives 
to which the State may be entitled in the Con- 
gress : but no Senator or Representative, or per- 
son holding an office of trust or profit under the 
United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

Sentence 4 9. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. [*The electors shall meet in 
their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of 
whom, one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
with themselves. 

Sentence 50. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. And they shall make a list of 
all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; 
which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate. 

* Within brackets has been superseded and annulled by the 12th 
amendment. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 179 

Sentence 5 1. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued, The President of the Senate 
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. 

Sentence 52. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, c&ntimted. The person having the gn 
number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President : and if 
no person have a majority, then from the five h : _ D the 

list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. 

Sentence 53. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, amti m ucL But in choosing the President, 
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from 
State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall c 
of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a 
majority of all the States shall be neoi ■ choice. 

Sentence 54. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. In every case, after the choice 
of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. 

Sentence 55. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. But if there should remain two 
or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from 
'them by ballot the Vice President.] 



f 



180 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 56 . 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. The Congress may 
determine the time of choosing the electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes; 
which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

Sentence 57 . 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. No person except 
a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the adoption of this Con- 
stitution, shall be eligible to the office of Presi- 
dent; neither shall any person be eligible to 
that office who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a 
resident within the United States. 

Se nte nce 5 8. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. In case of the re- 
moval of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers 
and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the Vice President, and the Congress 
may by law provide for the case of removal, 
death, resignation, or inability, both of the Pres- 
ident and Vice President, declaring what officer 
shall then act as President, and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
or a President shall be elected. 



CONSTITUTION OF Tilt: UNITED STATES. 181 

Sk N I NCI - r ) . 

Art. II, /Sec. 1, continued. The President shall, 
at stated times, receive for his services, a compen- 
sation, which shall neither he increased nor dimin- 
ished during the period for which lie shall have 
been elected, and he shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from the United 
States, or any of them. 

S E N T fl NOl 60. 

Art. II, Sec. 1, continued. Before he enter on 

the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : — "I do solemnly swear 
(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States, and will, to the 
best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
the Constitution of the United States." 

Sent k n c e 6 1 . 

Art. II, Sec. 2. The President shall be com- 
mander in chief of the army and navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several 
| States, when called into the actual service of the 
United States ; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the ex- 
ecutive departments, upon any subject relating to 
the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
16 



182 POLITICAL. 

offences against the United States, except in cases 
of impeachment. 

Sentence 62. 

Art. II, Sec. 2, continued. He shall have power, 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
to make treaties, provided two -thirds of the Sena- 
tors present concur ; and he shall nominate, and 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and 
all other officers of the United States, whose ap- 
pointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law : but 
the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in 
the President alone, in the courts of law, or in 
the heads of departments. 

Sentence 63. 

Art. II, Sec. 2, continued. The President shall 
have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- 
pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting 
commissions which shall expire at the end of their 
next session. 

Sentence 64. 

Art. II, Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, 
give to the Congress information of the state of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 183 

the union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- 
pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both houses, or either of them, and in case of 
disagreement between them, with respect to the 
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to 
such time as he shall think proper ; he shall re- 
ceive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
cuted, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

Sentence 65. 

Art. II, Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President 
and all civil officers of the United States, shall be 
removed from office on impeachment for, and 
conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

Sentence 6 6 . 

Art. Ill, Sec. 1. The judicial power of the 
United States shall be vested in one supreme 
court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and establish. 

Sentence 07. 

Art. Ill, Sec. 1, continued. The judges both 
of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services, a compen- 



1 84 POLITICAL. 

sation, which shall not be diminished during their 
continuance in office. 

Sentence 68. 

Art. Ill, Sec. 2. The judicial power shall ex- 
tend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under 
this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to contro- 
versies to which the United States shall be a party ; 
to controversies between two or more States; 
between a State and citizens of another State ; 
between citizens of different States ; between 
citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States, and between a State, 
or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens 
or subjects. 

Sentence 69. 






Art. Ill, Sec. 2 , continued. In all cases affect- 
ing ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the 
supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. 



Sentence 70. 



Art. Ill, Sec. 2, continued. In all the other 
cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 



Constitution oi thb united btati 185 

fact, with such exceptions, and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall niak 

Sentem'i: 7 1. 

Art. Ill, Sec. 2, continued. The trial of all 
crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be 
by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State 
where the said crimes shall have been committed ; 

but when not committed within any State, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Con- 
gress may by law have directed. 

Sent ■ N I 7 2 . 

Art. Ill, Sec. 3. Treason against the United 
States, shall consist only in levying war against 
them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

Sentkxci; 7 3. 

Art. Ill, Sec. 3, continual. No person shall be 
convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act. or on con- 
fession in open court. 

Sentenc ■ 7 4 . 

Art. Ill, Sec. 3, continued. The Congress shall 
have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of 
the person attainted. 
16* 



186 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 7 5. 

Art. IV, Sec. 1. Full faith and credit shall be 
given in each State to the public acts, records, 
and judicial proceedings of every other State. 

Sentence 76. 

Art. IV, Sec. 1, continued. And the Congress 
may by general laws prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records and proceedings shall be 
proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sentence 77. 

Art. IV, Sec. 2. The citizens of each Sfc^ < 
shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities 
of citizens in the several States. 

Sentence 78. 

Art. IV, Sec. 2, continued. A person charged 
in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
State, shall, on demand of the executive authori- 
ty of the State from which he fled, be delivered 
up, to be removed to the State having jurisdic- 
tion of the crime. 

Sentence 79 . 

Art. IV, Sec. 2, continued. No person held to 
service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 

quence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
charged from such service or labor, but shall be 

delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 

8 i n unci 8 0. 

Art. IV, Sec. 3. New States may be admitted 
by the Congress into this Union ; but no new 
State shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
diction of any other State ; nor any State be form- 
ed by the junction of two or more States, or parts 
of States, without the consent of the Legislatures 
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

Sent e n c e 8 1 . 

Art. IV, Sec. 3, continued. The Congress shall 
have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
other property belonging to the United States ; 
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United 
States, or of any particular State. 

Sentence 82. 

Art. IV, Sec. 4. The United States shall guar- 
antee to every State in this Union, a republican 
form of government, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion, and on application of the 
Legislature, or of the executive, (when the Legis- 



188 POLITICAL. 

lature cannot be convened,) against domestic 
violence. 

Sentence 83. 

Art. V, Sec. 1. The Congress, whenever two- 
thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, 
or, on the application of the Legislatures of two- 
thirds of the several States, shall call a Conven- 
tion for proposing amendments, which, in either 
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, 
as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, 
or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the 
one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
posed by the Congress : Provided that no amend- 
ment which may be made prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the 
ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Sentence 84. 

Art. VI, Sec. 1. All debts contracted and en- 
gagements entered into, before the adoption of 
this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this Constitution, as under 
the Confederation. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 

8 B M T E N C E 8 5 . 

Art. VI, Sec. 1, continued. This Constitution 
and the Laws of the United States, which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound 
thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of 
any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Se n t e n oh 86. 

Art. VI, Sec. 1, continued. The Senators and 
Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- 
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all ex- 
ecutive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several States, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitu- 
tion ; but no religious test shall ever be required 
as a qualification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 

Sentence 8 7. 

Art. VII, Sec. 1. The ratification of the Con- 
ventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the 
States so ratifying the same. 



190 POLITICAL. 

Sentence 88. 

Done in Convention by the unanimous eon- 
sent of the States present the seventeenth 
day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven, and of the Independence of the 
United States of America the 12th. In 
Witness whereof, We have hereunto sub- 
scribed our names, 

GEO. WASHINGTON, 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm, Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Wil : Livingston, David Brearley, 

Wm. Paterson, Jona. Dayton. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, 

Robt. Morris, Geo: Clymer, 

Tiio: Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, 

James Wilson, Gouv : Morris. 

DELAWARE. 
Geo : Read, Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, 

John Dickinson, Richard Bassett. 

Jaco : Broom, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
MARYLAND. 



191 



James M'Henry, Dan : of St. Tiios. Jenifer, 

Danl. Carroll, 

VIRGINIA. 
John Blair, James Madison, Jr. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
Wm. Blount, Rich'd Dobbs Spaigiit. 

Hu. Williamson, 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
J. Rutledok, Charles Coteswortii Pinckney, 

Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butlek. 

GEORGIA. 

William Few, Abr. Baldwin. 

Attest : WILLIAM JACKSON. & i mj. 



The Constitution was adopted on the 17tli September, 1787, 
by the Convention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of 
the Congress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, 
and was ratified by the Conventions of the several States, as fol- 
lows, viz. 

By Convention of Delaware, on the 7th December, 1787. 



Pennsylvania, " 


12th December, 


1787. 


New Jersey, ' ' 


18th December, 


1787. 


Georgia, " 


2d January, 


1788. 


Connecticut, * ' 


9th January, 


1788. 


Massachusetts, " 


6th February, 


1788. 


Maryland, " 


28th April, 


1788. 


South Carolina, " 


23d May, 


1788. 


New Hampshire, ' ' 


21st June, 


1788. 


Virginia, " 


26th June, 


1788. 


New York, 


26th July, 


1788. 


North Carolina, ' ' 


21st November, 


1789. 


Rhode Island, " 


29th May, 


1790. 



192 POLITICAL. 

Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the 
Constitution of the United States of Amer- 
ica, proposed by Congress, and ratified by 
the Legislatures of the several States, pur- 
suant to the fifth Article of the original Con- 
stitution. 

Sentence 89. 

(Article I.) Congress shall make no law res- 
pecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of 
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

Sentence 90 . 

(Art. II.) A well regulated Militia, being ne- 
cessary to the security of a free State, the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be 

infringed. 

Sentence 91. 

(Art. III.) No Soldier shall, in time of peace 
be quartered in any house, without the consent 
of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a man- 
ner to be prescribed by law. 

Sentence 92. 

(Art. IV.) The right of the people to be secure 
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 193 

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrant shall issue, but upon prob- 
able cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

8 i niinoi 9 3. 

(Art. Y.) No person shall be held to answer 
for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unl< 
on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forc< 
or in the militia, when in actual service in time 
of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
subject for the same offence to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case to be a witness against him- 
self, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law ; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use, without just 
compensation. 

Sentence 94. 

(Art. VI.) In all criminal prosecutions, the 
accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
, public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and 
district wherein the crime shall have been com- 
mitted, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
J nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
17 



194 POLITICAL. 

fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for 
his defence. 

Sentence 95. 

(Art. VII.) In suits at common law, where the 
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, 
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined 
in any court of the United States, than according 
to the rules of the common law. 

Sentence 96 . 

(Art. VIII.) Excessive bail shall not be re- 
quired, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted* 

Sentence 9 7 . 

(Art. IX.) The enumeration in the Constitu- 
tion, of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Sentence 98. 

(Art. X.) The powers not delegated to the 
United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
by it to the States, are reserved to the States res 
pectively, or to the people. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 195 

Sentence 99. 

Art. XI. The judicial power of the United 
States shall not be construed to extend to any 
suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by citizens of 
another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
Foreign State. 

Sentence 100. 

Art. XII. The Electors shall meet in their 
respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same State with them- 
selves ; they shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- 
dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
dent, and of the number of votes for each, which 
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate ; 
the President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates and the votes shall then be 
counted ; the person having the greatest number 
of votes for President, shall be the President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number 
of Electors appointed ; and if no person have 



196 POLITICAL. 

such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list 
of those voted for as President, the House of Rep- 
resentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
the President. 

Sentence 101. 

Art. XII, of the Amendments, continued. But in 
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken 
by States, the representation from each State 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds 
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
be necessary to a choice. 

Sentence 102. 

Art. XII, of the Amendments, further continued. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not 
choose a President whenever the right of choice 
shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the death 
or other constitutional disability of the President, 

Sentence 103. 

Art. XII, of the Amendments, further continued. 
The person having the greatest number of votes 
as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 197 

Electors appointed, and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the two highest numbers on the 
list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; 
a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a 
majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

SlNTIHCl 10 4. 

Art. XII, of tin Amendments, fwrther continued. 

But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice- 
President of the United States. 



A Remark : The previous amendments were most of them 
made in pursuance of recommendations of the Conventions of 

different States at the time they ratified the Constitution. 



17* 



198" POLITICAL. 



Constitution of Maryland, adopted in Conven- 
tion, which assembled at the City of Annap- 
olis on the fourth day of November, eighteen 
hundred and fifty, and adjourned on the thir- 
teenth day of May, eighteen hundred arid 
fifty-one. 

THE DECLARATION OP RIGHTS. 

We, the People of the State of Maryland, grateful to 
Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, 
and taking into our serious consideration the best 
means of establishing a good Constitution in this 
State, for the sure foundation and more perma* 
nent security thereof, declare : 

Article 1. That all government of right origi- 
nates from the people, is founded in compact only, 
and instituted solely for the good of the whole ; 
and they have at all times, according to the mode 
prescribed in this Constitution, the unalienable 
right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of 
government, in such manner as they may deem 
expedient. 

Art 2. That the people of the State ought to 
have the sole and exclusive right of regulating 
the internal government and police thereof. 

Art. 3. That the inhabitants of Maryland are 
entitled to the common law of England, and the 
trial by jury according to the course of that law, 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 199 

and to the benefit of such of the English statutes 
as existed on the fourth day of July, seventeen 
hundred and seventy-six, and which, by experi- 
ence, have been found applicable to their local 
and other circumstances, and have been intro- 
duced, used and practised by the courts of law or 
equity, and also of all acts of Assembly in force on 
the first Monday of November, eighteen hundred 
and fifty, except such as may have since expired, 
or may be altered by this Constitution, subject, 
nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment 
or repeal by the Legislature of this State ; and 
tho inhabitants of Maryland are also entitled to 
all property derived to them from or under the 
charter granted by his Majesty Charles the First. 
to CaBcilius Calvert. Baron of Baltimore. 

Art. 4. That all persons invested with the 
Legislative or Executive powers of government, 
are the trustees of the public, and as such account- 
able for their conduct ; wherefore, whenever the 
ends of government are perverted, and public 
liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means 
of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of 
right ought to, reform the old or establish a new 
government. The doctrine of non-resistance 
against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, 
slavish and destructive of the good and happiness 
of mankind. 

Art. 5. That the right of the people to partici- 



200 POLITICAL. 

pate in the Legislature is the best security of 
liberty, and the foundation of all free govern- 
ment ; for this purpose elections ought to be free 
and frequent, and every free white male citizen 
having the qualifications prescribed by the Con- 
stitution, ought to have the right of suffrage. 

Art. 6. That the legislative, executive and ju- 
dicial powers of government ought to be for- 
ever separate and distinct from each other ; and 
no person exercising the functions of one of said 
departments, shall assume or discharge the duties 
of any other. 

Art. 7. That no power of suspending laws, or 
the execution of laws, unless by or derived from 
the Legislature, ought to be exercised or allowed. 

Art. 8. That freedom of speech and debate or 
proceedings in the Legislature, ought not to be 
impeached in any court of judicature. 

Art. 9. That Annapolis be the place for the 
meeting of the Legislature ; and the Legislature 
ought not to be convened or held at any other 
place but from evident necessity. 

Art. 10. That for the redress of grievances, and 
for amending, strengthening and preserving the 
laws, the Legislature ought to be frequently con- 
vened. , 

Art. 11. That every man hath a right to peti- 
tion the Legislature for the redress of grievances 
in a peaceable and orderly manner. 



iJ 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 201 

Art 12. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen, or 
fees, ought to be rated or levied, under any pre- 
tence, without the consent of the Legislature. 

Art. 13. That the levying of taxes by the poll 
is grievous and oppressive, and ought to be abol- 
ished ; that paupers ought not to be assessed for 
the support of government, but every other per- 
son in the State, or person holding property there- 
in, ought to contribute his proportion of public 
taxes, for the support of government, according 
to his actual worth in real or personal property : 
yet fines, duties, or taxes may properly and justly 
be imposed or laid, on persons or property, with 
a political view, for the good government and 
benefit of the community. 

Art 14. That sanguinary laws ought to be 
avoided as far as is consistent with the safety of 
the State ; and no law to inflict cruel and unusual 
pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, 
or at any time hereafter. 

Art 15. That retrospective laws, punishing acts 
committed before the existence of such laws, and 
by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, 
unjust and incompatible with liberty ; wherefore, 
no ex post facto law ought to be made. 

Art 16. That no law to attaint particular per- 
sons of treason or felony, ought to be made in 
any case, or at any time hereafter. 

Art 17. That every free man, for any injury 



202 POLITICAL. 

done to him in his person or property, ought to 
have remedy by the course of the law of the land, 
and ought to have justice and right, freely with- 
out sale, fully without any denial, and speedily 
without delay, according to the law of the land. 

Art. 18. That the trial of facts where they 
arise, is one of the greatest securities of the lives, 
liberties, and estate of the people. 

Art. 19. That in all criminal prosecutions, every 
man hath a right to be informed of the accusa- 
tion against him ; to have a copy of the indict- 
ment or charge, in due time (if required) to 
prepare for his defence ; to be allowed counsel ; 
to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have process for his witnesses ; to examine the 
witnesses for and against him on oath ; and to a 
speedy trial by an impartial jury, without whose 
unanimous consent he ought not to be found 
guilty. 

Art. 20. That no man ought to be compelled 
to give evidence against himself in a court of 
common law, or in any other court, but in such 
cases as have been usually practised in this State, 
or may hereafter be directed by the Legislature. 

Art. 21. That no free man ought to be taken 
or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liber- 
ties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in 
any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, 
liberty or property, but by the judgment of his 






CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 203 

peers, or by the law of the land ; provided, that 
nothing in this article shall be so construed a 
prevent the Legislature from passing all such L 
for the government, regulation and disposition of 
the free colored population of this State as they 
may deem necessary. 

Art. 22. That excessive bail ought not to be 
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
or unusual punishment inflicted by the couri 
law. 

Art. 23. That all warrants, without oath, or 
affirmation, to search suspected places, or to w 
any person or property, are grievous and op}' 
sive ; and all general warrants to search suspe 
places, or to apprehend suspected persons, with- 
out naming or describing the place, or the person 
in special, are illegal, and ought not to be granted. 

Art. 24. That no conviction shall work corrup- 
tion of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 

Art. 25. That a well regulated militia is the 
proper and natural defence of a free government. 

Art. 26. That standing armies are dangerous 
to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up 
without consent of the Legislature. 

Art. 27. That in all cases and at all times the 
military ought to be under strict subordination 
to, and control of, the civil power. 

Art. 28. That no soldier ought to be quartered 
in any house in time of peace without the consent 



204 POLITICAL. 

of the owner, and in time of war in such manner 
only as the Legislature shall direct. 

Art. 29. That no person, except regular soldiers, 
mariners, and marines, in the service of this State, 
or militia when in actual service, ought in any 
case to be subject to, or punishable by, martial 
law. 

Art. 30. That the independency and upright- 
ness of Judges are essential to the impartial ad- 
ministration of justice, and a great security to the 
rights and liberties of the people ; wherefore the 
Judges shall not be removed, except for misbe- 
havior, on conviction in a court of law, or by 
the Governor, upon the address of the General 
Assembly; provided, that two-thirds of all the 
members of each House concur in such address. 
No Judge shall hold any other office, civil or mili- 
tary, or political trust or employment of any kind 
whatsoever, under the Constitution or laws of this 
State, or of the United States, or any of them, or 
receive fees or perquisites of any kind for the dis- 
charge of his official duties. 

Art. 31. That a long continuance in the execu- 
tive departments of power or trust is dangerous 
to liberty ; a rotation, therefore, in those depart- 
ments is one of the best securities of permanent 
freedom. 

Art. 32. That no person ought to hold at the 
same time more than one office of profit, created 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 205 

by the Constitution or Laws of thu ; nor 

ought any person in public trust to receive su 

present from any Foreign Prince, or State, or from 
the United States, or any of them, without the 
approbation of this State. 

Art. 33. That as it is the duty of every man to 
worship God in such manner as he thinks most 
acceptable to him, all persons are equally en- 
titled to protection in their religious liberty. 
wherefore, no person ought, by any law. to be 
molested in his person or estate, on account of 
his religious persuasion or pr< >n, or for b 

religious practice, unless under color of religion 
any man shall disturb the good order, peace, or 
safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of 
morality, or injure others in their natural, civil, or 
religious rights ; nor ought any person to be com- 
pelled to frequent or maintain or contribute, un- 
less on contract, to maintain any place of worship 
or any ministry; nor shall any person be deemed 
incompetent as a witness or juror who believes in 
the existence of a God, and that under his dis- 
pensation such person will be held morally ac- 
countable for his acts, and be rewarded or pun- 
ished therefor, either in this world or the world 
to come. 

Art. 34. That no other test or qualification 
ought to be required, on admission to any office 
of trust or profit, than such oath of office as may 
18 



206 POLITICAL. 

be prescribed by this Constitution, or by the laws 
of the State, and a declaration of belief in the 
Christian religion ; and if the party shall profess 
to be a Jew, the declaration shall be of his belief 
in a future state of rewards and punishments. 

Art. 35. That every gift, sale or devise of land, 
to any minister, public teacher or preacher of the 
gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or 
denomination, or to or for the support, use or 
benefit of, or in trust for any minister, public 
teacher, or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any 
religious sect, order or denomination, and every 
gift or sale of goods or chattels to go in succes- 
sion, or to take place after the death of the seller 
or donor, to or for such support, use or benefit ; and, 
also, every device of goods or chattels, to or for 
the support, use or benefit of any minister, pub- 
lic teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such ; or 
any religious sect, order or denomination, with- 
out the leave of the Legislature, shall be void ; 
except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of 
any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, 
for a church, meeting house or other house of 
worship, or parsonage, or for a burying ground, 
which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only 
for such purposes ; or such sale, gift, lease or de- 
vise shall be void. 

Art. 36. That the manner of administering an 
oath or affirmation to any person, ought to be such 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 207 

as those of the religious persuasion, profession or 
denomination of which he is a member, generally 
esteem the most effectual confirmation by the at- 
testation of the Divine Being. 

Art. 37. That the city of Annapolis ought to 
have all its rights, privileges and benefits, agree- 
ably to its charter, and the acts of Assembly con- 
firming and regulating the same ; subject to such 
alterations as have been or as may be made by 
the Legislature. 

Art, 38. That the liberty of the press ought to 
be inviolably preserved. 

Art. 39. That monopolies are odious, contrary 
to the spirit of a free government and the princi- 
ples of commerce, and ought not to be suffered. 

Art. 40. That no title of nobility or hereditary 
honors ought to be granted in this Sta 

Art. 41. That the Legislature ought to encour- 
age the diffusion of knowledge and virtue, the pro- 
motion of literature, the arts, sciences, agricul- 
ture, commerce and manufactures, and the gen- 
eral melioration of the condition of the people. 

Art. 42. This enumeration of rights shall not 
be construed to impair or deny others retained 
by the people. 

Art. 43. That this Constitution shall not be 
altered, changed or abolished, except in the man- 
ner therein prescribed and directed. 






208 POLITICAL. 

THE CONSTITUTION. 

Article I . — Elective Franchise. 

Section 1. Every free white male person, of 
twenty-one years of age or upwards, who shall 
have been one year next preceding the election 
a resident of the State, and for six months a resi- 
dent of the city of Baltimore, or of any county 
in which he may offer to vote, and being at the 
time of the election a citizen of the United States, 
shall be entitled to vote in the ward or election 
district in which he resides, in all elections here- 
after to be held ; and at all such elections the 
vote shall be taken by ballot. And in case any 
county or city shall be so divided as to form por- 
tions of different electoral districts for the elec- 
tion of Congressmen, Senator, Delegate, or other 
"officer or officers, then to entitle a person to vote 
for such officer, he must have been a resident of 
that part of the county or city which shall form 
a part of the electoral district in which he offers 
to vote, for six months next preceding the elec- 
tion ; but a person who shall not have acquired a 
residence in such county or city entitling him to 
vote at any such election, shall be entitled to vote 
in the election district from which he removed, 
until he shall have acquired a residence in the 
part of the county or city to which he has re- 
moved. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 209 

Sec. 2. That if any person shall give, or offer to 
give, directly or indirectly, any bribe, present jor 
reward, or any promise, or any security for the 
payment or delivery of money or any other thing, 
to induce any voter to refrain from casting his 
his vote, or forcibly to prevent him in any way 
from voting, or to obtain or procure a vote for 
any candidate or person proposed or voted for, as 
Elector of President and Vice-President of the 
United States, or Representative in Congress, or 
for any office of profit or trust created by the 
Constitution or laws of this State, or by the ordi- 
nances or authority of the Mayor and City Coun- 
cil of Baltimore, the person giving or offering to 
give, and the person receiving the same, and any 
person who gives or causes to be given an illegal 
vote, knowing it to be so, at any election to be 
hereafter held in this State, shall, on conviction 
in a court of law, in addition to the penalties now 
or hereafter to be imposed by law, be forever dis- 
qualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to 
vote at any election thereafter. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the General As- 
sembly of Maryland to pass laws to punish with 
fine and imprisonment any person who shall re- 
move into any election district or ward of the 
city of Baltimore, not for the purpose of acquir- 
ing a bona fide residence therein, but for the pur- 
pose of voting therein at an approaching election, 
18* 



210 POLITICAL. 

or who shall vote in any election district or ward 
in which he does not reside, (except in the case 
provided for in the first article of the Constitu- 
tion,) or shall, at the same election, vote in more 
than one election district or ward, or shall vote 
or offer to vote, in any name not his own, or in 
place of any other person of the same name, or 
shall vote in any county in which he does not 
reside. 

Sec. 4. Every person elected or appointed to 
any office of profit or trust under the Constitution 
or laws made pursuant thereto, before he shall 
enter upon the duties of such office shall take and 
subscribe the following oath or affirmation : I, A. 
B., do swear (or affirm, as the case may be,) that 
I will support the Constitution of the United 
States, and that I will be faithful and bear true 
allegiance to the State of Maryland, and support 
the Constitution and laws thereof; that I will to 
the best of my skill and judgment diligently and 
faithfully, without partiality or prejudice, execute 
the office of acccording to the Constitu- 
tion and laws of this State, and that since the 
adoption of the present Constitution, I have not, 
in any manner, violated the provisions thereof in 
relation to bribery of voters or preventing legal 
or procuring illegal votes to be given ; (and if a 
Governor, Senator, member of the House of Del- 
egates, or Judge,) "that I will not directly or in- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 211 

directly receive the profits or any part of the pro- 
fits of any other office during the time of my act- 
ing as ." And if any person elected or 

appointed to office as aforesaid, shall refuse or 
neglect to take the said oath or affirmation, he 
shall be considered as having refused to accept 
the said office, and a new election or appointment 
shall be made as in case of refusal or resignation, 
and any person swearing or affirming falsely in 
the premises, shall, on conviction thereof in a court 
of law, incur the penalties for wilful and corrupt 
perjury, and be thereafter incapable of voting at 
any election, and also incapable of holding any 
office of profit or trust in this State. 

Sec. 5. That no person above the age of twen- 
ty-one years, convicted of larceny or other infa- 
mous crime, unless he shall be pardoned by the 
Executive, shall ever thereafter be entitled to 
vote at any election in this State, and no person 
under guardianship as a lunatic, or a person non 
compos mentis, shall be entitled to vote. 

Article II . — Executive Department. 

Section 1. The Executive power of the State 
shall be vested in a Governor, whose term of of- 
fice shall commence on the second Wednesday of 
January next ensuing his election, and continue 
for four years, and until his successor shall have 
qualified. 



212 POLITICAL. 

Sec. 2. The first election for Governor under 
this Constitution shall be held on the first Wed- 
nesday of November, in the year eighteen hun- 
dred and fifty-three, and on the same day and 
month in every fourth year thereafter, at the 
places of voting for delegates to the General As- 
sembly, and every person qualified to vote for 
delegates shall be qualified and entitled to vote 
for Governor ; the election to be held in the same 
manner as the election of delegates, and the re- 
turns thereof, under seal, to be addressed to the 
Speaker of the House of Delegates, and enclosed 
and transmitted to the Secretary of State, and 
delivered to the said Speaker at the commence- 
ment of the session of the Legislature next en- 
suing said election. 

Sec. 3. The Speaker of the House of Delegates 
shall then open the said returns in the presence 
of both Houses, and the person having the high- 
est number of votes, and being constitutionally 
eligible, shall be the Governor, and shall qualify 
in the manner herein prescribed, on the second 
Wednesday of January next ensuing his election, 
or as soon thereafter as may be practicable. 

Sec. 4. If two or more persons shall have the 
highest and an equal number of votes, one of 
them shall be chosen Governor by the Senate and 
House of Delegates; and all questions in relation 
to the eligibility of Governor, and to the returns 



CONSTITUTION OP MARYLAND. 213 

of said election, and to the number and legality 
of votes therein given, shall he determined by 
the House of Delegates. And if the person, or 
persons, having the highest number of votes be 
ineligible, the Governor shall be chosen by the 
Senate and House of Delegates. Every election 
of Governor, by the Legislature, shall be deter- 
mined by a joint majority of the Senate and 
House of Delegates, and the vote shall be taken 
viva voce. But if two or more persons shall ha 
the highest and an equal number of votes, then 
a second vote shall be taken, which shall be con- 
fined to the persons having an equal number; 
and if the votes should again be equal, then the 
election of Governor shall be determined by lot 
between those who shall have the highest and an 
equal number on the first vote 

Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into three 
districts ; St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert. Prince 
George's, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, and How- 
ard counties, and the city of Baltimore, to be the 
first ; the eight counties of the Eastern Shore to 
be the second ; and Baltimore, Harford, Frederick, 
Washington, Allegany and Carroll counties, to be 
the third. The Governor, elected from the third 
district in October last, shall continue in office 
during the term for which he was elected. The 
Governor shall be taken from the first district, at 
the first election of Governor under this Consti- 



214 POLITICAL. 

tution; from the second district at the second 
election, and from the third district at the third 
election, and in like manner, afterwards, from 
each district, in regular succession. 

Sec. 6. A person to be eligible to the office of 
Governor, must have attained the age of thirty 
years, and been for five years a citizen of the 
United States, and for five years next preceding 
his election a resident of the State, and for three 
years a resident of the district from which he was 
elected. 

Sec. 7. In case of the death or resignation of 
the Governor, or of his removal from the State, 
the General Assembly, if in session, or if not, at 
their next session, shall elect some other quali- 
fied resident of the same district, to be the Gov- 
ernor for the residue of the term for which the said 
Governor had been elected. 

Sec. 8. In case of any vacancy in the office of 
Governor during the recess of the Legislature, the 
President of the Senate shall discharge the duties 
of said office till a Governor is elected as herein 
provided for ; and in case of the death or resig- 
nation of said President, or of his removal from 
the State, or of his refusal to serve, then the du- 
ties of said office shall, in like manner, and for 
the -same interval, devolve upon the Speaker of 
the House of Delegates, and the Legislature may 
provide by law for the case of impeachment or 






CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 215 

inability of the Governor, and declare what per- 
son shall perform the executive duties duripg 
such impeachment or inability ; and for any va- 
cancy in said office, not herein provided for, pro- 
vision may be made by law, and if such vacancy 
should occur without such provision being made, 
the Legislature shall be convened by the Secre- 
tary of State for the purpose of filling said va- 
cancy. 

Sec. 9. The Governor shall be commander-in- 
chief of the land and naval forces of the State, and 
may call out the militia to repel invasions, sup- 
press insurrections, and enforce the execution of 
the laws ; but shall not take the command in per- 
son without the consent of the Legislature. 

Sec. 10. He shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed. 

Sec. 11. He shall nominate, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, appoint all civil 
and military officers of the State, whose appoint- 
ment or election is not otherwise herein provided 
for, unless a different mode of appointment be 
prescribed by the law creating the office. 

Sec. 12. In case of any vacancy during the re- 
cess of the Senate, in any office which the Gov- 
ernor has power to fill, he shall appoint some 
suitable person to said office, whose commission 
shall continue in force till the end of the next 
session of the Legislature, or till some other per- 



I 

le 



216 POLITICAL. 

son is appointed to the same office, which ever 
shall first occur, and the nomination of the person 
thus appointed during the recess, or of some other 
person in his place, shall be made to the Senate 
within thirty days after the next meeting of the 
Legislature. 

Sec. 13. No person, after being rejected by the 
Senate, shall be again nominated for the same 
office at the same session, unless at the request of 
the Senate ; or be appointed to the same office 
during the recess of the Legislature. 

Sec. 14. All civil officers appointed by the Gov- 
ernor and Senate, shall be nominated to the Sen- 
ate within fifty days from the commencement of 
each regular session of the Legislature ; and their 
term of office shall commence on the first Mon- 
day of May next ensuing their appointment, and 
continue for two years (unless sooner removed 
from office) and until their successors, respective- 
ly, qualify according to law. 

Sec. 15. The Governor may suspend or arrest 
any military officer of the State, for disobedience 
of orders, or other military offence, and may re- 
move him in pursuance of the sentence of a court- 
martial ; and may remove for incompetency or 
misconduct, all civil officers who receive appoint- 
ments from the Executive for a term not exceed- 
ing two years. 

Sec. 16. The Governor may convene the Legis- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 217 

lature, or the Senate alone, on extraordinary oc- 
casions ; and whenever, from the presence of an 
enemy or from other cause, the seat of govern- 
ment shall become an unsafe place for the meet- 
ing of the Legislature, he may direct their ses- 
sions to be held at some other convenient place. 

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the Governor 
semi-annually, and oftener if he deem it expedi- 
ent, to examine the bank-book, account book 
and official proceedings of the Treasurer and 
Comptroller of the State. 

Sec. 18. He shall, from time to time, inform 
the Legislature of the condition of the State, and 
recommend to their consideration such measui 
as he may judge necessary and expedient. 

Sec. 19. He shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and 
in cases in which he is prohibited by other arti- 
cles of this Constitution, and to remit lines and 
forfeitures for offences against the State ; but 
shall not remit the principal or interest of any 
debt due to the State, except in cases of fines and 
forfeitures ; and before granting a nolle prosequi, 
or pardon, he shall give notice, in one or more 
newspapers, of the application made for it, and of 
the day on or after which his decision will be 
given ; and in every case in which he exercises 
this power, he shall report to either branch of the 
Legislature, whenever required, the petitions, re- 
19 



218 POLITICAL. 

commendations and reasons which influenced his 
decision. 

Sec. 20. The Governor shall reside at the seat 
of Government, and shall receive for his services 
an annual salary of thirty-six hundred dollars. 

Sec. 21. When the public interest requires it, 
he shall have power to employ counsel, who shall 
be entitled to such compensation as the Legisla- 
ture may allow in each case after the services of 
such counsel shall have been performed. 

Sec. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appoint- 
ed by the Governor, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, who shall continue in of- 
fice, unless sooner removed by the Governor, till 
the end of the official term of the Governor from 
whom he received his appointment, and shall re- 
ceive an annual salary of one thousand dollars. 

Sec. 23. He shall carefully keep and preserve a 
record of all official acts and proceedings, (which 
may, at all times, be inspected by a committee of 
either branch of the Legislature,) and shall per- 
form such other duties as may be prescribed by 
law, or as may properly belong to his office. 

Article III . — Legislative Department. 

Section 1. The Legislature shall consist of two 
distinct branches, a Senate and a House of Dele- 
gates, which shall be styled "The General Assem- 
bly of Maryland.' 7 



i 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 219 

Sec. 2. Every county of the State, and the city 
of Baltimore, shall be entitled to elect one Sonar 
tor, who shall be elected by the qualified voters 
of the counties and city of Baltimore, respective- 
ly, and who shall serve for four years from the 
day of their election. 

Sec. 3. The Legislature at its first m after 

the returns of the national census of eighteen 
hundred and sixty are published, and in like man- 
ner after each subsequent census, shall apportion 
the members of the House of Delegates among 
the several counties of the State, according to the 
population of each, and shall always allow to the 
city of Baltimore four more delegates than are 
allowed to the most populous county, but no 
county shall be entitled to less than two mem- 
bers, nor shall the whole number of delegs 
ever exceed eighty, or be less than sixty-live ; 
and until the apportionment is made under the 
census of eighteen hundred and sixty ; St. Mary's 
county shall be entitled to two delegates ; Kent, 
two ; Anne Arundel, three ; Calvert, two ; Charles, 
two ; Baltimore county, six ; Talbot, two ; Som- 
erset, four ; Dorchester three ; Cecil, three ; Prince 
George's, three ; Queen Anne's, two ; Worcester, 
three ; Frederick, six ; Harford, three ; Caroline, 
two ; Baltimore city, ten ; Washington, five ; 
Montgomery, two ; Allegairy, four ; Carroll, three, 
and Howard, two. 



220 POLITICAL. 

Sec. 4. The members of the House of Delegates 
shall be elected by the qualified voters of the 
counties and city of Baltimore respectively, to 
serve for two years from the day of their election. 

Sec. 5. The first election for delegates shall 
take place on the first Wednesday of November, 
eighteen hundred and fifty-one ; and the elections 
for delegates, and for one-half of the senators, as 
nearly as practicable, shall be held on the same 
day in every second year thereafter, but an elec- 
tion for senators shall be held in the year eighteen 
hundred and fifty-one, in Howard county, and all 
those counties in which senators were elected in 
the year eighteen hundred and forty-six. 

Sec. 6. Immediately after the Senate shall have 
convened after the first election under this Con- 
stitution, the senators shall be divided, by lot, 
into two classes, as nearly equal in number as may 
be — the senators of the first class shall go out of 
office at the expiration of two years, and senators 
shall be elected on the first Wednesday of Novem- 
ber, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, for the term 
of four years, to supply their places ; so that, after 
the first election, one-half of the senators may be 
chosen every second year; provided, that in no 
case shall any senator be placed in a class which 
shall entitle him to serve for a longer term than 
that for which he was elected. In case the num- 
ber of senators be hereafter increased, such clas- 
sification of the additional senators shall be made 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 221 

as to preserve as nearly as may be an equal num- 
ber in each class. 

Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall meet on the 
first Wednesday of January, eighteen hundred and 
fifty- two, on the same day. in the year eighteen 
hundred and fifty-three, and on the-same day in 
the year eighteen hundred and fifty-four, and on 
the same day in every second year thereafter, and 
at no other time unless convened by the procla- 
mation of the Governor. 

Sec. 8. The General Assembly may continue 
their first two sessions after the adoption of this 
Constitution, as long as, in the opinion of the two 
Houses, the public interests may require it, but 
all subsequent regular sessions of the General 
Assembly shall be closed on the tenth day of 
March next ensuing the time of their commence- 
ment, unless the same shall be closed at an ear- 
lier day by the agreement of the two Houses. 

Sec. 9. No person shall be eligible as a senator 
or delegate who, at the time of his election, is 
not a citizen of the United States, and who has 
not resided at least three years next preceding 
the day of his election in this State, and the last 
year thereof in the county or city which he may 
be chosen to represent, if such county or city 
shall have been so long established, and if not, 
then in the county from which, in whole or in 
part, the same may have been formed ; nor shall 
19* 



222 POLITICAL. 

any person be eligible as a senator unless he shall 
have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor 
as a delegate unless he shall have attained the age 
of twenty-one years at the time of his election. 

Sec. 10. No member of Congress, or persons 
holding any civil or military office under the Unit- 
ed States, shall be eligible as a senator or delegate ; 
and if any person shall, after his election as a 
senator or delegate, be elected to Congress, or be 
appointed to any office, civil or military, under the 
government of the United States, his acceptance 
thereof shall vacate his seat. 

Sec. 11. No Minister or Preacher of the Gospel, 
of any denomination, and no person holding any 
civil office of profit or trust under this State, ex- 
cept justices of the peace, shall be eligible as sen- 
ator or delegate. 

Sec. 12. Each House shall be judge of the qual- 
ifications and elections of its members, subject to 
the laws of the State — appoint its own officers, 
determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish 
a member for disorderly or disrespectful behavior, 
and with the consent of two-thirds, expel a mem- 
ber ; but no member shall be expelled a second 
time for the same offence. 

Sec. 13. A majority of each House shall consti- 
tute a quorum for the transaction of business, but 
a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 
and compel the attendance of absent members in 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 223 

such manner and under such penalties as each 
House may prescribe. 

Sec. 14. The doors of each House and of com- 
mittees of the whole shall be open, except when 
the business is such as ought to be kept secret. 

Sec. 15. Each House shall keep a journal of its 
proceedings, and cause the same to be published. 
The yeas and nays of members on any question 
shall, at the call of any live of them, in the 1 1 o i 
of Delegates, or one in the Senate, be entered on 
the journal. 

Sec. 16. Neither House shall, without the con- 
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days ; nor to any other place than that in which 
the House shall be sitting, without the concurrent 
vote of two-thirds of the members present. 

Sec. 17. The style of all laws of this State shall 
be, "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of 
Maryland,' 7 and all laws shall be passed by origi- 
nal bill, and every law enacted by the Legisla- 
ture shall embrace but one subject, and that shall 
be described in the title, and no law or section of 
law shall be revived, amended or repealed by 
reference to its title or section only : and it shall 
be the duty of the Legislature, at the first session 
after the adoption of this Constitution, to appoint 
two commissioners, learned in the law, to revise 
and codify the laws of this State ; and the said 
commissioners shall report the said code, so form- 



224 * POLITICAL. 

ed, to the Legislature, within a time to be by it 
determined for its approval, amendment, or rejec- 
tion ; and, if adopted after the revision and codi- 
fication of the said laws, it shall be the duty of 
the Legislature, in amending any article or sec- 
tion thereof, to enact the same as the said article 
or section would read when amended. And when- 
ever the Legislature shall enact any public gen- 
eral law, not amendatory of any section or arti- 
cle in the said code, it shall be the duty of the 
Legislature to enact the same in articles and sec- 
tions, in the same manner as the said code may 
be arranged ; and to provide for the publication 
of all additions and alterations which may be 
made to the said code, and it shall also be the 
duty of the Legislature to appoint one or more 
commissioners, learned in the law, whose duty it 
shall be to revise, simplify, and abridge the rules 
of practice, pleadings, forms of conveyancing, and 
proceedings of the courts of record, in this State. 

Sec. 18. Any bill may originate in either House 
of the General Assembly, and be altered, amend- 
ed or rejected by the other, but no bill shall ori- 
ginate in either House during the last three days 
of the session, or become a law, until it be read 
on three different days of the session in each 
House, unless three-fourths of the members of 
the House, where such bill is pending, shall so de- 
termine. 

Sec. 19. No bill shall become a law unless it be 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 225 

passed in each House by a majority of the whole 
number of members elected, and on its final pass- 
age the ayes and noes be recorded. 

Sec. 20. No money shall be drawn from the 
Treasury of the State, except in accordance with 
an appropriation made by law, and every such 
law shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated, 
and the object to which it shall be applied, pro- 
vided that nothing herein contained shall prevent 
the Legislature from placing a contingent fund at 
the disposal of the Executive, who shall report to 
the Legislature at each session the amount ex- 
pended and the purposes to which it was applied ; 
an accurate statement of the receipts and expen- 
ditures of the public money shall be attached to 
and published with the laws after each regular 
session of the General Assemby. 

Sec. 21. No divorce shall be granted by the 
General Assembly. 

Sec. 22. No debt shall hereafter be contracted 
by the Legislature, unless such debt shall be au- 
thorized by a law providing for the collection of 
an annual tax or taxes sufficient to pay the inter- 
est on such debt as it falls due, and also to dis- 
charge the principal thereof within fifteen years 
from the time of contracting the same, and the 
taxes laid for this purpose shall not be repealed 
or applied to any other object until the said debt 
and the interest thereon shall be fully discharged 



226 POLITICAL. 

and the amount of debts so contracted and re- 
maining unpaid shall never exceed one hundred 
thousand dollars. The credit of the State shall 
not, in any manner, be given or loaned to, or in 
aid of any individual, association or corporation, 
nor shall the General Assembly have the power, 
in any mode, to involve the State in the con- 
struction of works of internal improvement, or 
in any enterprise which shall involve the faith 
or credit of the State, or make any appropria- 
tions therefor. And they shall not use or appro- 
priate the proceeds of the internal improvement 
companies, or of the State tax now levied, or 
which may hereafter be levied, to pay off the 
public debt, to any other purpose, until the inter- 
est and debt are fully paid, or the sinking fund 
shall be equal to the amount of the outstanding 
debt ; but the Legislature may, without laying 
a tax, borrow an amount never to exceed fifty 
thousand dollars, to meet temporary deficiencies 
in the Treasury, and may contract debts to any 
amount that may be necessary for the defence 
of the State. 

Sec. 23. No extra compensation shall be grant- 
ed or allowed by the General Assembly to any 
public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after 
the services shall have been rendered or the 
contract entered into. Nor shall the salary or 
compensation of any public officer be increased 
or diminished during his term of office. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 227 

Sec. 24. No Senator or Delegate, after qualify- 
ing as such, shall, during the term for which he 
was elected, be eligible to any office which shall 
have been created, or the salary or profits of 
which shall have been increased during such 
term, or shall, during said term, hold any ofli 
or receive the salary or profits of any office, un- 
der the appointment of the Executive or Legis- 
lature. 

Sec. 25. Each House may punish by imprison- 
ment, during the session of the General Assem- 
bly, any person not a member, for disrespectful 
or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for 
obstructing any of its proceedings or any of its 
officers in the execution of their duties : prcarid 
such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, 
exceed ten days. 

Sec. 26. The members of each House shall, in 
all cases, except treason, felony, or other crimi- 
nal offence, be privileged from arrest during 
their attendance at the session of the General 
Assembly, and in going to and returning from 
the same, allowing one day for every thirty 
miles such member may reside from the place at 
which the General Assembly is convened. 

Sec. 27. No Senator or Delegate shall be lia- 
ble, in any civil action or criminal prosecution 
whatever, for words spoken in debate. 

Sec. 28. The House of Delegates may inquire, 



228 POLITICAL. 

on the oath of witnesses, into all complaints, 
grievances and offences, as the Grand Inquest of 
the State, and may commit any person for any 
crime to the public jail, there to remain until 
discharged by due course of law — they may ex- 
amine and pass all accounts of the State, relating 
either in the collection or expenditure of the rev- 
enue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust 
the same — they may call for all public or official 
papers and records, and send for persons whom 
they may judge necessary in the course of their 
inquiries concerning affairs relating to the public 
interest, and may direct all office bonds which 
shall be made payable to the State, to be sued 
for any breach of duty. 

Sec. 29. In case of death, disqualification, res- 
ignation, refusal to act, expulsion or removal from 
the county or city for which he shall have been 
elected, of any person who shall have been chosen 
as a Delegate or Senator, or in case of a tie be- 
tween two or more such qualified persons, a war- 
rant of election shall be issued by the Speaker of 
the House of Delegates or President of the 
Senate, as the case may be, for the election of 
another person in his place, of which election, 
not less than ten days notice shall be given, ex- 
clusive of the day of the publication of the notice 
and of the day of election ; and in case of such 
resignation or refusal to act, being communi- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 229 

cated in writing, to the Governor, by the person 
making it, or if such death occur during the leg- 
islative recess and more than ten days before its 

termination, it shall be the duty of the Governor 
to issue a warrant of election to supply the va- 
cancy thus created in the same manner that the 
said Speaker or President might have done dur- 
ing the session of the Legislature; provided, 
however, that unless a meeting of the General 
Assembly may intervene, the election thus or- 
dered to fill such vacancy shall he held on the 
day of the ensuing election for Delegates and 
Senators. 

Sec. 30. The Senators and Delegates shall re- 
ceive a per diem of four dollars, and such mile- 
age as may be allowed by law. and the presid- 
ing officer of each House shall be allowed an ad- 
dition of one dollar per day. Xo book or other 
printed matter not appertaining to the busi 
of the session, shall be purchased or subscribed 
for, for the use of the members or be distributed 
among them, at the public expense. 

Sec. 31. No law passed by the General Assem- 
bly shall take effect until the first day of June 
next after the session at which it may be passed, 
unless it be otherwise expressly declared therein. 

Sec. 32. Xo law shall be passed creating the 
office of Attorney General. 

Sec. 33. The General Assembly shall have full 
20 



230 POLITICAL. 

power to exclude from the privilege of voting at 
elections, or of holding any civil or military office 
in this State, any person who may thereafter be 
convicted of perjury, bribery, or other felony, 
unless such person shall have been pardoned by 
the Executive. 

Sec. 34. Every bill, when passed by the Gen- 
eral Assembly, and sealed with the Great Seal, 
shall be presented to the Governor, who shall 
sign the same in the presence of the presiding 
officers and chief clerks of the Senate and House 
of Delegates. Every law shall be recorded in 
the office of the Court of Appeals, and in due 
time be printed, published and certified under 
the great seal to the several courts in the same 
manner as has been heretofore usual in this 
State. 

Sec. 35. No person who may hereafter be a 
collector, receiver, or holder of public moneys, 
shall be eligible as Senator or Delegate, or to 
any office of profit or trust under this State, un- 
til he shall have accounted for and paid into the 
treasury all sums on the books thereof, charged 
to and due by him. 

Sec. 36. Any citizen of this State, who shall, 
after the adoption of this Constitution, either in 
or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly 
weapons, or send or accept a challenge so to do, 
or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid or 



UTTION OF MARYLAND. 231 

1st in any manner those thus offending, shall 
ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office 
fit under this State. 
7. No lottery grant shall ever hereafter 
be authorized by the Legislature. 

. 38. The General Assembly shall pass laws 
necessary to protect the property of the wife 
from the debts of the husband during her lii 
and for securing the same to her issue after her 
death. 

». Laws shall be pawed by the Legisla- 
ture to protect from ution a reasonable 
amount of the property of a debtor, not exceed- 
ing in value the sum of live hundred dollai 

Sec. 40. The i. pslature shall, at its fir 
sion after the adoption of this Constitution, adopt 
some simple and uniform system of charges in 
the offices of clerks of courts and registers of 
wills in the counties of this State and the City of 
Baltimore, and for the collection thereof; provi- 
ded, the amount of compensation to any of said 
officers shall not exceed the sum of twenty-five 
hundred dollars a year, over and above office ex- 
penses and compensation to assistants : and pro- 
vided, further, that such compensation of clerks, 
registers, assistants and office expenses, shall al- 
ways be paid out of the fees or receipts of the 
offices respectively. 

Sec. 41. The House of Delegates shall have 



232 POLITICAL. 

the sole power of impeachment in all cases, but 
a majority of all the members must concur in an 
impeachment ; all impeachments shall be tried 
by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose 
they shall be on oath or affirmation to do justice 
according to the law and evidence, but no per- 
son shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of all the Senators. 

Sec. 42. That it shall be the duty of the Legis- 
lature so soon as the public debt shall have been 
fully paid off, to cause to be transferred to the 
several counties and the city of Baltimore, stock 
in the internal improvement companies, equal to 
the amount respectively paid by each towards 
the erection and completion of said works, at the 
then market value of said stock. 

Sec. 43. The Legislature shall not pass any 
law abolishing the relation of master or slave, as 
it now exists in this State. 

Sec. 44. No person shall be imprisoned for 
debt. 

Sec. 45. The Legislature hereafter shall grant 
no charter for banking purposes or renew any 
banking corporation now in existence, except 
upon the condition that the stockholders and 
directors shall be liable to the amount of their 
respective share or shares of stock in such bank- 
ing institution for all its debts and liabilities up- 
on note, bill or otherwise ; and ujoon the further 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 235 

condition that no director or other officer of said 
corporation shall borrow any money from said 
corporation ; and if any director or other officer 
shall be convicted upon indictment of directly or 
indirectly violating this article, he shall be pun- 
ished by fine or imprisonment at the discretion 
of the Court. All banks shall be open to in- 
spection of their books, papers and accounts, un- 
der such regulations as maybe prescribed by law. 

Sec. 46. The Legislature shall enact no law 
authorizing private property to be taken for 
public use without just compensation as agreed 
upon between the parties or awarded by a jury, 
being first paid or tendered to the party entitled 
to such compensation. 

Sec. 47. Corporations may be formed under 
general laws, but shall not be created by special 
act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases, 
where in the judgment of the Legislature, the 
object of the corporation cannot be attained un- 
der general laws. All laws and special acts pur- 
suant to this section, may be altered from time 
to time, or repealed ; provided nothing herein 
contained shall be construed to alter, change or 
amend in any manner the article in relation to 
Banks. 

Sec. 48. The Legislature shall make provision 
for all cases of contested elections of any of the 
officers not herein provided for. 
20* 



234 POLITICAL. 

Sec. 49. That the rate of interest in this State 
shall not exceed six per cent, per annum, and no 
higher rate shall be taken or demanded, and the 
Legislature shall provide, by law, all necessary 
forfeitures and penalties against usury. 

Article IV . — Judiciary Department. 

Section. 1. The Judiciary power of this State shall 
be vested in a Court of Appeals, in Circuit Courts, 
in such Courts for the City of Baltimore as may be 
hereinafter prescribed, and in Justices of the Peace. 

Sec. 2. The Court of Appeals shall have appel- 
late jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive 
with the limits of the State. It shall consist of a 
chief justice and three associate justices, any 
three of whom shall form a quorum, whose judg- 
ment shall be final and conclusive in all cases of 
appeals ; and who shall have the jurisdiction 
which the present Court of Appeals of this State 
now has, and such other appellate jurisdiction as 
hereafter may be provided for by law. And in 
every case decided, an opinion, in writing, shall 
be filed, and provision shall be made, by law, for 
publishing reports of cases argued and determin- 
ed in the said Court. The Governor, for the 
time being, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, shall designate the chief justice, 
and the Court of Appeals shall hold its sessions 
at the City of Annapolis, on the first Monday of 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 235 

June, and the first Monday of December in each 
and every your. 

Sec. 3. The Court of Appeals shall appoint 
own clerk, who shall hold his office for six years 
and may he re-appointed at the end thereof; he 
shall be subject to removal by the said court for 
incompetency, neglect of duty, misdemeanor in 
office, and for such other causes as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 4. The State shall be divided into four 
Judicial districts: Allegany, "Washington. Fred- 
crick, Carroll, Baltimore and Harford counties, 
shall compose the first; Montgomery. Howard, 
Anne Arundel, Calvert, St. Mary's, Charles and 
Prince George's, the second ; Baltimore City, the 
third ; and Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne's. Talbot, 
Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset and Worcefl 
shall compose the fourth district. And one per- 
son from among those learned in the law. having 
been admitted to practice in this State, and who 
shall have been a citizen of this State at least live 
years, and above the age of thirty years at the 
time of his election, and a resident of the judicial 
district, shall be elected from each of said dis- 
tricts by the legal and qualified voters therein, 
as a judge of the said Court of Appeals, who 
shall hold his office for the term of ten years 
from the time of his election, or until he shall 
have attained the age of seventy years, which 



236 POLITICAL. 

ever may first happen, and be re-eligible thereto 
until he shall have attained the age of seventy 
years, and not after, subject to removal for in- 
competency, wilful neglect of diity, or misbeha- 
vior in office, on conviction in a court of law, or 
by the Governor upon the address of the Gener- 
al Assembly, two-thirds of the members of each 
House concurring in such address : and the sala- 
ry of each of the Judges of the Court of Appeals 
shall be two thousand five hundred dollars an- 
nually, and shall not be increased or diminished 
during their continuance in office ; and no fees 
or perquisites of any kind, shall be allowed by 
law to any of the said judges. 

Sec. 5. No Judge of the Court of Appeals shall 
sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or 
where either of the parties may be connected 
with him by affinity or consanguinity within 
such degrees as may be prescribed by law, or 
when he shall have been of counsel in said case ; 
when the Court of Appeals, or any of its mem- 
bers shall be thus disqualified to hear and deter- 
mine any case or cases in said court, so that by 
reason thereof no judgment can be rendered in 
said court, the same shall be certified to the Gov- 
ernor of the State, who shall immediately com- 
mission the requisite number of persons learned 
in the law for the trial and determination of said 
case or cases. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 237 

. (i. Ail Judges of the Court of Appeals, of 
the Oircuil Courts, and of the Courts for the city 
of Baltimore, shall, by virtue of their offices, be 

conservators of the peace throughout the 3 

. 7. All public commissions and grants shall 

run thus: "The State of Maryland." &C, and 

shall be signed by the Governor, with the seal of 
the State annexed: all writs and process shall 
run in the same style, and be te d and 

signed as usual; and all indictments shall con- 
elude "against the peac trnmenl and digni- 
ty of the State." 

Sec. 8. The Stat<* shall be divided int 
Judicial Circuits, in manner and form followi] 
to wit: St. Mary's, Charles, and Prince G< 
counties shall be the first : Anne Arundel. How- 
ard, Calvert, and Montgomery counties shall he 
the second ; Frederick and Carroll counties shall 
be the third; Washington and Allegany coun- 
ties shall be the fourth; Baltimore city shall be 
the fifth : Baltimore, Harford and Cecil counties 
shall be the sixth ; Kent. Queen Anne's. Talbot 
and Caroline counties shall be the seventh ; and 
Dorchester, Somerset, and Worcester counties 
shall be the eighth ; and there shall be elected 
as hereinafter directed for each of the said Judi- 
cial Circuits, except the fifth, one person from 
among those learned in the law. having been ad- 
mitted to practice in this State, and who shall 



238 POLITICAL. 

have been a citizen of this State at least five 
years, and above the age of thirty years at the 
time of his election, and a resident of the Judi- 
cial Circuit to be Judge thereof ; the said Judges 
shall be styled Circuit Judges, and shall respec- 
tively hold a term of their courts at least twice 
in each year, or oftener if required by law, in 
each county composing their respective circuits ; 
and the said courts shall be called Circuit Courts 
for the county in which they may be held, and 
shall have and exercise in the several counties of 
this State, all the power, authority and jurisdiction 
which the county courts of this State now have 
and exercise, or which may hereafter be pre- 
scribed by law, and the said Judges in their res- 
pective circuits, shall have and exercise all the 
power, authority and jurisdiction of the present 
Court of Chancery of Maryland ; Provided, nev- 
ertheless, that Baltimore county court may hold 
its sittings within the limits of the City of Balti- 
more, until provision shall be made by law for 
the location of a county seat within the limits of 
the said county proper, and the erection of a 
court house and all other appropriate buildings, 
for the convenient administration of justice in 
said court. 

Sec. 9. The judges of the several judicial cir- 
cuits shall be citizens of the United States, and 
shall have resided five years in this State, and two 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 230 

years in the judicial circuit for which they may 
be respectively elected, next before the time of . 
their election, and shall reside therein while they 
continue to act as judges; they shall be taken 
from among those who having the other qualifi- 
cations herein prescribed, are most distinguished 
for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge, 
and shall be elected by the qualified voters of the 
said circuits, and shall hold their offices for the 
term of ten years, removable for misbehavior, on 
conviction in a court of law or by the Governor, 
upon the address of the General Assembly, pro- 
vided that two-thirds of the members of each 
House shall concur in such address, and the said 
judges shall each receive a salary of two thousand 
dollars a year, and the same shall not be increased 
or diminished during the time of their continu- 
ance in office ; and no judge of any court in this 
State, shall receive any perquisite! fee, commis- 
sion or reward, in addition thereto, for the per- 
formance of any judicial duty. 

Sec, 10. There shall be established for the city 
of Baltimore one court of law. to be styled "the 
Court of Common Pleas/' which shall have civil 
jurisdiction in all suits where the debt or damage 
claimed shall be over one hundred dollars, and 
shall not exceed five hundred dollars ; and shall, 
also, have jurisdiction in all cases of appeal from 
the judgment of justices of the peace in the said 



240 POLITICAL. 

city, and shall have jurisdiction in all applica- 
tions for the benefit of the insolvent laws of this 
State, and the supervision and control of the trus- 
tees thereof. 

Sec. 11. There shall also be established, for the 
city of Baltimore, another court of law, to be 
styled the Superior Court of Baltimore city, which 
shall have jurisdiction over all suits where the 
debt or damage claimed shall exceed the sum of 
five hundred dollars, and in case any plaintiff 
or plaintiffs shall recover less than the sum or 
value of five hundred dollars, he or they shall be 
allowed or adjudged to pay costs in the discre- 
tion of the court. The said court shall also have 
jurisdiction as a court of equity within the limits 
of the said city, and in all other civil cases which 
have not been heretofore assigned to the court of 
common pleas. 

Sec. 12. Each of the said two courts shall con- 
sist of one judge, who shall be elected by the 
legal and qualified voters of the said city, and 
shall hold his office for the term of ten years, sub- 
ject to the provisions of this Constitution, with 
regard to the election and qualification of judges 
and their removal from office, and the salary of each 
of the said judges shall be twenty -five hundred 
dollars a year ; and the Legislature shall, whenever 
it may think the same proper and expedient, pro- 
vide, by law, another court for the city of Balti- 






CONSTITUTION Of MARYLAND. 241 

more, to consist of one judge to be elected by the 
qualified voters of the said city, who shall be sub- 
ject to the same constitutional provisions, hold 
his office for the same term of years, and receive 
the same compensation as the judge of the court 
of Common Pleas of the said city, and the said 
court shall have such jurisdiction and power 
may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 13. There shall also be a criminal court 
for the city of Baltimore, to be styled the Crimi- 
nal Court of Baltimore, which shall consist of one 
judge, who shall also be elected by the legal and 
qualified voters of the said city, and who shall 
have and exercise all the jurisdiction now exer- 
cised by Baltimore City Court, and the said judge 
shall receive a salary of two thousand dollars a 
year and shall be subject to the provisions of this 
Constitution with regard to the election and qual- 
ifications of judges, term of office, and removal 
therefrom. 

Sec. 14. There shall be in each county a clerk 
of the Circuit Court, who shall be elected by the 
qualified voters of each county, and the person 
receiving the greatest number of votes shall be 
declared and returned duly elected clerk of said 
Circuit Court for the said county, and shall hold his 
office for the term of six years from the time of 
his election, and until a new election is held : 
shall be re-eligible thereto, and subject to re- 
21 



242 POLITICAL. 

moval for wilful -neglect of duty, or other misde- 
meanor in office, on conviction in a court of law. 
There shall also be a clerk of the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas in Baltimore city, and a clerk of the 
Superior Court of Baltimore city, and there shall 
also be a clerk of the Criminal Court of Baltimore 
city, and each of said clerks shall be elected as 
aforesaid by the qualified voters of the city of 
Baltimore, and shall hold his office for six years 
from the time of his election, and until a new 
election is held, and be re-eligible thereto, subject, 
in like manner, to be removed for wilful neglect 
of duty or other misdemeanor in office, on con- 
viction in a court of law. In case of a vacancy 
in the office of a clerk, the judge or judges of the 
court, of which he was clerk, shall have the power 
to appoint a clerk until the general election of 
delegates held next thereafter, when a clerk shall 
be elected to fill such vacancy. 

Sec. 15. The clerk of the Court of Common 
Pleas for Baltimore city, shall have authority to 
issue within the said city, all marriage and other 
licenses required by law, subject to such provi- 
sions as the Legislature shall hereafter prescribe ; 
and the clerk of the Superior Court for said city, 
shall have the custody of all deeds, conveyances, 
and other papers now remaining in the office of 
the clerk of Baltimore County Court, and shall 
hereafter receive and record all deeds, convey- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 243 

ances, and other papers which are required by- 
law to be recorded in said city. He shall also 
have the custody of all other papers connected 
with the proceedings on the law or equity side of 
Baltimore County Court, and of the dockets there- 
of, so far as the same have relation to Baltimore 
city. 

Sec. 16. That the clerk of the Court of Appeals, 
and the clerks of the Circuit Courts in the several 
counties, shall respectively perform all the duties 
and be entitled to the fees which appertain to 
the offices of the clerks of Court of Appeals for 
the Eastern and "Western Shores and of the clerks 
of County Courts, and the clerks of the Court of 
Common Pleas, the Superior Court, and the Crim- 
inal Court for Baltimore city, shall perform all 
the duties appertaining to their respective offices, 
and heretofore vested in the clerks of Baltimore 
County Court and Baltimore City Court respec- 
tively, and be entitled to all the fees now allowed 
by law; and all laws relating to the clerks of 
Court of Appeal, clerks of the several County 
Courts and Baltimore City Court, shall be appli- 
cable to the clerks respectively of the clerk of 
Court of Appeals, the Circuit Courts, the Court of 
Common Pleas, the Superior Court, and the Crim- 
inal Court of Baltimore city, until otherwise pro- 
vided by law ; and the said clerks, when duly 
elected and qualified according to law, shall have 



244 POLITICAL. 

the charge and custody of the records and other 
papers belonging to their respective offices. 

Sec. 17. The qualified voters of the city of Bal- 
timore, and of the several counties of the State, 
shall, on the first Wednesday of November, eigh- 
teen hundred and fifty-one, and on the same day 
of the same month in every fourth year forever 
thereafter, elect three men to be judges of the 
Orphans' Court of said city and counties respec- 
tively, who shall be citizens of the State of Mary- 
land, and citizens of the city or county for which 
they may be severally elected at the time of their 
election. They shall have all the powers now 
vested in the Orphans' Courts of this State,' sub- 
ject to such changes therein as the Legislature 
may prescribe, and each of said judges shall be 
paid at a per diem rate, for the time they are in 
session, to be fixed by the Legislature, and paid 
by the said counties and city respectively. 

Sec. 18. There shall be a Register of Wills in 
each county of the State, and in the city of Bal- 
timore, to be elected by the legal and qualified 
voters of said counties and city respectively, who 
shall hold his office for six years from the time 
of his election, and until a new election shall take 
place, and be re-eligible thereto, subject to be re- 
moved for wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor 
in office, in the same manner that the clerks of 
the county courts are removable. In the event 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 245 

of any vacancy in the office of Register of Wills, 
said vacancy shall be filled by the judges of the 
Orphans' Court until the general election next 
thereafter for Delegates to the General Assem- 
bly, when a Register shall be elected to fill such 
vacancy. 

Sec. 19. The Legislature at its first session after 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall fix the 
number of justices of the peace and constables for 
each ward of the city of Baltimore, and for each 
election district in the several counties, who shall 
be elected by the legal and qualified voters there- 
of respectively, at the next general election for 
delegates thereafter, and shall hold their offices 
for two years from the time of their election, and 
until their successors in office are elected and 
qualified ; and the Legislature may, from time to 
time, increase or diminish the number of justices 
of the peace and constables to be elected in the 
several wards and election districts, as the wants 
and interests of the people may require. They 
shall be, by virtue of their offices, conservators of 
the peace in the said counties and city respec- 
tively, and shall have such duties and compensa- 
tion as now exist, or may be provided for by law. 
In the event of a vacancy in the office of a jus- 
tice of the peace, the Governor shall appoint a 
person to serve as justice of the peace, until the 
next regular election of said officer, and in case 
. 21* 



246 POLITICAL. 

of a vacancy in the office of constable, the County 
Commissioners of the county, in which a vacancy 
may occur, or the Mayor and City Council of Bal- 
timore, as the case may be, shall appoint a per- 
son to serve as constable until the next regular 
election thereafter for said officers. An appeal 
shall lie in all civil cases from the judgment of a 
justice of the peace to the Circuit Court, or to the 
Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore city, as the 
case may be, and on all such appeals, either party 
shall be entitled to a trial by jury, according to 
the laws now existing, or which may be hereafter 
enacted. And the Mayor and City Council may 
provide, by ordinance, from time to time, for the 
creation and government of such temporary addi- 
tional police, as they may deem necessary to pre- 
serve the public peace. 

Sec. 20. There shall be elected in each county 
and in the city of Baltimore, every second year, 
two persons for the office of sheriff for each coun- 
ty, and two for the said city, the one of whom 
having the highest number of votes of the qualified 
voters of said county or city, or if both have an 
equal number, either of them, at the discretion 
of the Governor, to be commissioned by the Gov- 
ernor for the said office, and, having served for 
two years, such person shall be ineligible for the 
two years next succeeding ; bond with security, 
to be taken every year, and no sheriff shall be 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 247 

qualified to act before the same be given. In 
3e of death, refusal, disqualification or removal 
out of the county, before the expiration of the 
said two years, the other person chosen as afore- 
said, shall be commissioned by the Governor to 
execute the said office for the residue of the said 
two years, the said person giving bond with secu- 
rity as aforesaid. Xo person shall be eligible to 
the office of sheriff but a resident of such county 
or city respectively, who shall have been a citizen 
of this State at least five years preceding his elec- 
tion, and above the age of twenty-one years. The 
two candidates, properly qualified, having the 
highest number of legal ballots, shall be declared 
duly elected for the office of sheriff for such coun- 
ty or city, and returned to the Governor, with a 
certificate of the number of ballots for each of 
them. 

Sec. 21. Coroners, elisors and notaries public 
shall be appointed for each county and the city of 
Baltimore, in the manner now prescribed by law, 
or in such other manner as the General Assem- 
bly may hereafter direct. 

Sec. 22. Xo judge shall sit in any case wherein 
he may be interested, or where either of the par- 
ties may be connected with him by affinity or con- 
sanguinity, within such degrees as may be pre- 
scribed by law, or where he shall have been coun- 
sel in the case ; and whenever any of the judges 



248 POLITICAL. 

of the circuit courts, or of the courts for Balti- 
more city, shall be thus disqualified, or whenever, 
by reason of sickness, or any other cause, the said 
judges, or any of them, may be unable to sit in 
any cause, the parties may, by consent, appoint 
a proper person to try the said cause, or the 
judges, or any of them, shall do so when directed 
by law. 

Sec. 23. The present Chancellor and the Regis- 
ter in Chancery, and, in the event of any vacancy 
in their respective offices, their successors in office 
respectively, who are to be appointed as at pre- 
sent, by the Governor and Senate, shall continue 
in office, with the powers and compensation as at 
present established, until the expiration of two 
years after the adoption of this Constitution by 
the people, and until the end of the session of the 
Legislature next thereafter, after which the said 
offices of Chancellor and Register shall be abol- 
ished. The Legislature shall, in the mean time, 
provide by law for the recording, safe-keeping, 
or other disposition, of the records, decrees, 
and other proceedings of the Court of Chancery, 
and for the copying and attestation thereof, and 
for the custody and use of the Great Seal of the 
State, when required, after the expiration of the 
said two years, and for transmitting to the said 
counties, and to the city of Baltimore, all the 
cases and proceedings in said court then undis- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 249 

posed of and unfinished, in such manner, and 
under such regulations as may be deemed necc - 
sary and proper : Provided, that no new busin* 
shall originate in the said court, nor shall any 
cause be removed to the same from any other 
court, from and after the ratification of this Con- 
stitution. 

Sec. 24. The first election of judges, clerks, reg- 
isters of wills, and all other officers, whose elec- 
tion by the people is provided for in this ar- 
ticle of the Constitution, except justices of the 
peace and constables, shall take place throughout 
the State on the first Wednesday of November 
next after the ratification of this Constitution by 
the people. 

Sec. 25. In case of the death, resignation, re- 
moval, or other disqualification of a judge of any 
of the courts of law. the Governor, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall there- 
upon appoint a person, duly qualified, to fill said 
office until the next general election for delegates 
thereafter ; at which time an election shall be 
held as hereinbefore prescribed, for a judge, who 
shall hold the said office for ten years, according 
to the provisions of this Constitution. 

She. 26. In case of the death, resignation, re- 
moval, or other disqualification of the judge of 
an Orphans 5 Court, the vacancy shall be filled by 
the appointment of the Governor, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate. 



250 POLITICAL. 

Sec. 27. Whenever lands lie partly in one 
county, and partly in another, or party in a coun- 
ty and partly in the city of Baltimore, or when- 
ever persons proper to be made defendants to 
proceedings in Chancery, reside some in one 
county and some in another, that court shall have 
jurisdiction in which proceedings shall have been 
first commenced, subject to such rules, regula- 
tions and alterations as may be prescribed by 
law. 

Sec. 28. In all suits or actions at law, issues 
from the Orphans 7 Court or from any court sit- 
ting in equity, in petitions for freedom, and in all 
presentments and indictments now pending, or 
which may be pending at the time of the adop- 
tion of this constitution by the people, or which 
may be hereafter instituted in any of the courts 
of law of this State, having jurisdiction thereof, the 
judge or judges thereof, upon suggestion in writ- 
ing, if made by the state's attorney, or the prose- 
cutor for the State, or upon suggestion in writ- 
ing, supported by affidavit, made by any of the 
parties thereto, or other proper evidence, that a 
fair and impartial trial cannot be had in the court 
where such suit or action at law, issues or peti- 
tions, or presentment and indictment is depend- 
ing, shall order and direct the record of pro- 
ceedings in such suit or action, issues or petitions, 
presentment or indictment, to be transmitted to 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 251 

the court of any adjoining county ; provided, that 
the removal in all civil causes be confined to an 
adjoining county within the judicial circuit, ex- 
cept as to the city of Baltimore, where the re- 
moval may be to an adjoining county, for trial, 
which court shall hear and determine the same in 
like manner as if such suit or action, issues or 
petitions, presentment or indictment, had 1 
originally instituted therein; and provided also, 
that such suggestion shall be made as aforesaid, 
before or during the term in which the issue or 
issues may be joined in said suit or action, issues 
or petition, presentment or indictment, and that 
such further remedy in the premises may be pro- 
vided by law, as the Legislature shall from time 
to time direct and enact. 

Sec. 29. All elections of judges, and other officers 
provided for by this Constitution, shall be certi- 
fied, and the returns made b} r the clerks of the 
respective counties to the Governor, who shall 
issue commissions to the different persons for the 
offices to which they shall have been respectively 
elected ; and in all such elections, the person hav- 
ing the greatest number of votes, shall be declar- 
ed to be elected. 

Sec. 30. If in any case of election forjudges, 
clerks of the courts of law and registers of wills, 
the opposing candidates shall have an equal num- 
ber of votes, it shall be the duty of the Governor 



252 POLITICAL. 

to order a new election ; and in case of any con- 
tested election, the Governor shall send the re- 
turns to the House of Delegates, who shall judge 
of the election and qualification of the candidates 
at such election. 

Sec. 31. Every person of good moral character, 
being a voter, shall be admitted to practice law 
in all the courts of law in this State, in his own 
case. 

Article V. — The State's Attorneys. 

Section 1. There shall be an attorney for the 
State in each county and the city of Baltimore, 
to be styled "The State's Attorney," who shall be 
elected by the voters thereof, respectively, on the 
first "Wednesday of November next, and on the 
same day every fourth year thereafter, and hold 
his office for four years from the first Monday of 
January next ensuing his election, and until his 
successor shall be elected and qualified, and shall 
be re-eligible thereto, and be subject to removal 
therefrom for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty 
or misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a court 
of law. 

Sec. 2. All elections for the state's attorney 
shall be certified to, and returns made thereof, by 
the clerks of the said counties and city to the 
judges thereof having criminal jurisdiction, res- 
pectively, whose duty it shall be to decide upon 






CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 

the elections and qualifications of the persons re- 
turned, and in case of a tie between two or more 

on.-, to designate which of said p< 
qualify as state's attorney, and to administer the 
oaths of office to the persons elected. 

Seo. 3. The state's attorney shall perform such 
duties and receive such fees and commios 
are nowprescribed by law for the oral 

and his deputies, and such other dutk and 

commissions as may hereafter be prescribed by 
law, and if any state's attorney shall receive any 
other fee or reward than such as is. or may be 
allowed by law, he shall, on conviction thereof, 
be removed from ofli 

Sec. 4. Xo person shall be eligible to the office 
of state's attorney who has not been admitted to 
practice the law in this State, and who has not 
resided for at least one year in the county or city 
in which he may be elected. 

Sec. 5. In case of vacancy in the office of 
state's attorney, or of his removal from the county 
or city in which lie shall have been elected, or 
on his conviction as hereinbefore specified, the 
said vacancy shall be filled by the judge of the 
county or city, respectively, having criminal juris- 
diction in which said vacancy shall occur, until 
the election and qualification of his successor ; at 
which election said vacancy shall be filled by the 



22 



254 POLITICAL. 

voters of the said county or city, for the residue 
of the term thus made vacant. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the clerk of the 
Court of Appeals, and the commissioner of the 
Land Office, respectively, whenever a case shall 
be brought into said court or office, in which the 
State is a party, or has an interest, immediately to 
notify the Governor thereof. 

Article VI. — Treasury Department 

Section 1. There shall be a Treasury Depart- 
ment, consisting of a Comptroller, chosen by the 
qualified electors of the State, at each election of 
members of the House of Delegates, who shall re- 
ceive an annual salary of two thousand five hun- 
dred dollars ; and of a Treasurer, to be appointed 
by the two Houses of the Legislature, at each 
session thereof, on joint ballot, who shall also re- 
ceive an annual salary of two thousand five hun- 
dred dollars ; and neither of the said officers shall 
be allowed or receive any fees, commissions, or 
perquisites of any kind, in addition to his salary, 
for the performance of any duty or service what- 
ever. In case of a vacancy in either of the offices, 
by death or otherwise, the Governor, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall fill 
such vacancy by appointment, to continue until 
another election by the people, or a choice by the 
Legislature, as the case may be, and the qualifi- 



CONSTITUTION OF HART LAND. 255 

cation of the successor. The Comptroller and the 
Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of 
government, and shall take such oath, and enter 
into such bonds, for the faithful discharge of their 
duties, as the Legislature shall prescribe. 

Sec. 2. The Comptroller shall have the general 
superintendence of the fiscal affairs of the State : 
he shall digest and prepare plans for the improve- 
ment and management of the revenue, and for 
the support of the public credit ; prepare and re- 
port estimates of the revenue and expenditure of 
the State ; superintend and enforce the collection 
of all taxes and revenue ; adjust, settle and pre- 
serve all public accounts ; decide on the forms of 
keeping and stating accounts; grant, under regu- 
lations prescribed by law. all warrants for moneys 
to be paid out of the treasury, in pursuance of 
appropriations by law; prescribe the formalities 
of the transfer of stock or other evidences of the 
State debt ; and countersign the same, without 
which such evidences shall not be valid ; he shall 
make full reports of all his proceedings, and of the 
state of the Treasury Department within ten days 
after the commencement of each session of the 
Legislature, and perform such other duties as shall 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 3. The Treasurer shall receive and keep 
the moneys of the State, and disburse the same 
upon warrants drawn by the Comptroller, and not 



256 POLITICAL. 

otherwise ; he shall take receipts for all moneys 
paid by him, and all receipts for moneys received 
by him shall be endorsed upon warrants signed 
by the Comptroller, without which warrant, so 
signed, no acknowledgment of money received 
into the Treasury shall be valid ; and upon war- 
rants issued by the Comptroller he shall make ar- 
rangements for the payment of the interest of the 
public debt, and for the purchase thereof, on ac- 
count of the sinking fund. Every bond, certifi- 
cate, or other evidence of the debt of the State, 
shall be signed by the Treasurer and counter- 
signed by the Comptroller, and no new certificate 
or other evidence intended to replace another 
shall be issued until the old one shall be delivered 
to the Treasurer, and authority executed in due 
form for the transfer of the same shall be filed 
in his office, and the transfer accordingly made on 
the books thereof, and the certificate or other 
evidence cancelled ; but the Legislature may make 
provision for the loss of certificates or other evi- 
dence of the debt. 

Sec. 4. The treasurer shall render his accounts 
quarterly to the Comptroller ; and on the third 
day of each session of the Legislature he shall 
submit to the Senate and House of Delegates fair 
and accurate copies of all accounts by him from 
time to time rendered and settled with the Comp- 
troller, He shall at all times submit to the Comp- 



CONSTITUTION OF .MARYLAND. 257 

troller, the inspection of the moneys in his hands, 
and pefform all other duties that shall be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Article VII . — Sundry Office rs. 

Section 1. At the first general election of Dele- 
gates to the General Assembly, after the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, four Commissioners shall 

be elected as hereinafter provided, who shall be 
styled "Commissioners of Public Works." and 
who shall exercise a diligent and faithful super- 
vision of all Public Works, in which the State 
may be interested as stockholder or creditor, and 
shall represent the State in all meetings of the 
Stockholders, and shall appoint the Directors in 
every Rail Road or Canal Company, in which the 
State has the constitutional power to appoint Di- 
rectors. It shall also be the duty of the Commis- 
sioners of Public Works to review, from time to 
time, the rate of tolls adopted by any company ; 
use all legal powers which they may possess to 
obtain the establishment of rates of tolls, which 
may prevent an injurious competition with each 
other, to the detriment of the interests of the 
State; and so to adjust them as to promote the 
agriculture of the State. It shall also be the 
duty of the said Commissioners of Public "Works 
to keep a journal of their proceedings; and at 
each regular session of the Legislature to make 
22* 



258 POLITICAL. 

to it a report, and to recommend such legislation 
as they shall deem necessary and requisite to pro- 
mote or protect the interest of the State in the 
Public Works ; and perform such other duties as 
may be prescribed by law. They shall each re- 
ceive such salary as may be allowed by law, 
which shall not be increased or diminished dur- 
ing their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. For the election of the Commissioners 
of Public Works, the State shall be divided into 
four districts. The counties of Allegany, Wash- 
ington, Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore and Harford, 
shall constitute the first district. The counties of 
Montgomery, Howard, Anne Arundel, Calvert, 
St. Mary's, Charles and Prince George's, shall 
constitute the second district. Baltimore city 
shall constitute the third district. The counties 
of Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, Caroline, 
Dorchester, Somerset and Worcester, shall con- 
stitute the fourth district. One commissioner 
shall be elected in each district, who shall have 
been a resident thereof at least five years next 
preceding his election. 

Sec. 3. The said Commissioners shall be elected 
by the qualified voters of their districts respec- 
tively ; the returns of their election shall be cer- 
tified to the Governor, who shall, by proclama- 
tion, declare the result of the election. Two 
of the said commissioners, first elected, shall hold 



0OHSTITOTIO3I OF MARYLAND. 

their office for four years, and the other two far 
two years from the first Monday of December 

• succeeding their election. And at the first 

meeting after their election, or as soon thereafter 
as practicable, they shall determine, by lot, who 

of their number shall hold their offices for four 
and two years respectively; and thereafter th 
shall be elected as aforesaid, at each general elec- 
tion of 1 1 two commissioners for the term 

of four years, to he taken from the distri 
spectively wherein the commission! d at 

the time of their election, whose term of service 
has expired. And in case of a vacancy in the 
office of either of said commissioners, by death, 
resignation, or otherwise, the Governor, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint some qualified person from the same dis- 
trict, to serve until the next general election of 
Delegates, when an election shall be held, as 
aforesaid, for a commissioner for the residue of 
said term. And in case of an equal division in 
the board of commissioners, on any subject com- 
mitted to their charge, the Treasurer of the State 
shall have power, and shall be called on to decide 
the same. And in the event of a tie vote for any 
two of the candidates for the office of commis- 
sioner in the same district, it shall be the duty of 
the Governor to commission one or the other of 
the candidates having the ecpual number of votes. 



260 POLITICAL. 






And if the Governor doubt the legality or result 
of any election held for said commissioners, it 
shall be his duty to send the returns of such elec- 
tion to the House of Delegates, who shall judge 
of the election and qualification of the candidates 
at such election. 

Sec. 4. During the continuance of the lottery 
system in this State, there shall be elected by the 
legal and qualified voters of the State, at every 
general election for delegates to the General As- 
sembly, one Commissioner of Lotteries, who shall 
hold his office for two years, and till the qualifi- 
cation of his successor, and shall be re-eligible. 
His whole compensation shall be paid out of the 
fund raised for the Maryland Consolidated Lot- 
tery grants, and shall not exceed the amount of 
commissions received by one of the present Lot- 
tery Commissioners, out of said fund; and he 
shall give such bond, for the faithful performance 
of his duties as is now given by the Lottery Com- 
missioners. The term of the Commissioner, who 
shall "be elected at the general election for Dele- 
gates next succeeding the adoption of this Con- 
stitution, shall commence at the expiration of the 
commissions of the present Lottery Commission- 
ers, and continue for two years, and till the qual- 
ification of his successor. 

Sec. 5. From and after the first clay of April, 
eighteen hundred and fifty-nine, no lottery scheme 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 2G1 

shall be drawn, for any purpose whatever, nor 

shall any lottery ticket he sold in this State : and 
it shall 1)0 the duty of the several commissioners 
elected under this Constitution, to make such 
contract or contracts as will extinguish all exist- 
ing lottery grants before the said first day of April, 
eighteen hundred and fifty-nine, and also secure 
to the State a clear yearly revenue equal to the 
average amount derived by the State from the 
system for the last five years ; hut no such con- 
tract or contracts shall he valid until approved 
by the Treasurer and Comptroller. 

Sec. 6. There shall be a Commissioner of the 
Land Office elected by the qualified voters of the 
State, at the first general election of Delegates to 
the Assembly after the ratification of this Consti- 
tution, who shall hold his office for the term of 
six years from the first day of January next after 
his election. The returns of said election shall 
be made to the Governor, and in the event of a 
tie between any two or more candidates, the Gov- 
ernor shall direct a new election to be held by 
writs to the several sheriffs, who shall hold said 
election after at least twenty days notice, exclu- 
sive of the clay of election. The said Commis- 
sioner shall sit as judge of the Land Office, and 
receive therefor the sum of two hundred dollars 
per annum, to be paid out of the State Treasury. 
He shall also perform the duties of the Register 



262 POLITICAL. 

of the Land Office and be entitled to receive 
therefor the fees now chargeable in said office ; 
and he shall also perform the duties of Examiner 
General, and be entitled to receive therefor the 
fees now chargeable by said officer. The office 
of Register of the Land Office and Examiner Gen- 
eral shall be abolished from and after the elec- 
tion and qualification of the Commissioner of the 
Land Office. 

Sec. 7. The State Librarian shall be elected by 
the joint vote of the two branches of the Legis- 
lature, for two years, and until his successor 
shall be elected and qualified. His salary shall 
be one thousand dollars per annum. He shall 
perform such duties as are now or may hereafter 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 8. The county authorities now known as 
Levy Courts or County Commissioners, shall 
hereafter be styled "County Commissioners, 77 and 
shall be elected by general ticket, and not by 
districts, by the voters of the several counties, on 
the first Wednesday in November, one thousand 
eight hundred and fifty-one, and on the same day 
in every second year thereafter. Said Commis- 
sioners shall exercise such powers and duties on- 
ly as the Legislature may from time to time pre- 
scribe ; but such powers and duties, and the ten- 
ure of office, shall be uniform throughout the 
State, and the Legislature shall, at or before its 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 263 

second regular session, after the adoption of this 
Constitution, pass such laws as may be necessary 
for determining the number for each county, and 
ascertaining and defining the powers, duties, and 
tenure of office of said Commissioners ; and until 
the passage of such laws, the Commissioners 
elected under this Constitution shall have and ex- 
ercise all the powers and duties in their respec- 
tive counties, now exercised by the county au- 
thorities under the laws of the State. 

Sec. 9. The General Assembly shall provide 
by law for the election of Road Supervisors, in 
the several counties, by the voters of the election 
districts respectively, and may provide by law 
for the election or appointment of such other 
county officers as may be required, and are not 
herein provided for, and prescribe their powers 
and duties ; but the tenure of office, their powers 
and duties, and mode of appointment, shall be 
uniform throughout the State. 

Sec. 10. The qualified voters of each county, 
and the city of Baltimore, shall, at the first elec- 
tion of delegates after the adoption of this Con- 
stitution, and every two years thereafter, elect a 
Surveyor for the counties, and the city of Balti- 
more respectively, whose duties and compensa- 
tion shall be the same as are now prescribed by 
law for the county and city Surveyors respective- 
ly, or as may hereafter be prescribed by law. 



264 POLITICAL. 

The term of office of said county and city Sur- 
veyors respectively, shall commence on the first 
Monday of January next succeeding their elec- 
tion. And vacancies in said office of Surveyors, 
by death, resignation, or removal from their res- 
pective counties or city, shall be filled by the 
Commissioners of the counties, or Mayor and 
City Council of Baltimore respectively. 

Sec. 11. The qualified voters of Worcester 
county, shall, at the first election of delegates af- 
ter the adoption of this Constitution, and every 
two years thereafter, elect a Wreck-Master for 
the said county, whose duties and compensation 
shall be the same as are now prescribed or may 
be hereafter prescribed by law. The term of 
office of said Wreck-Master shall commence on 
the first Monday of January next succeeding his 
election ; and a vacancy in said office, by death, 
resignation, or removal from the county, shall be 
filled by the county commissioners of said county, 
for the residue of the term thus made vacant. 

Article VIII . — New Counties. 

Section 1. That part of Anne Arundel county 
called Howard District, is hereby erected into a 
new county, to be called Howard county, the in- 
habitants whereof shall have, hold and enjoy all 
such rights and privileges as are held and enjoy- 
ed by the inhabitants of the other counties in 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 2G5 

this State ; and its civil and municipal officers, at 
the time of the ratification of this Constitution, 
shall continue in office until their buc - .-hall 

have been elected or appointed, and shall ha 
qualified as such ; and all rights, powers and ob- 
ligations incident to Howard District of Anne 
Arundel county, shall attach to Howard county. 
Sec. 2. When that part of Allegany county, 
lying south and west of a line beginning at the 
summit of Rig Back Bone or Savage Mountain, 
where that mountain is crossed by Mason and 
Dixon's line, and running thence by a straight 
line, to the middle of Savage river where it emp- 
ties into the Potomac river, thence by a straight 
line, to the nearest point or boundary of the State 
of Virginia; then with said boundary to the 
Fairfax stone, shall contain a population of ten 
thousand, and the majority of electors thereof 
shall desire to separate and form a new county, 
and make known their desire by petition to the 
Legislature, the Legislature shall direct at the 
next succeeding election, that the Judges shall 
open a book at each election district in said part 
of Allegany county, and have recorded therein 
the vote of each elector "For or Against" a new 
county. In case the majority are in favor, then 
said part of Allegany county to be declared an 
; independent county, and the inhabitants whereof 
• shall have, and enjoy all such rights and privi- 
23 



266 POLITICAL. 

leges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants 
of the other counties in this State. Provided, 
that the whole representation in the General 
Assembly of the county, when divided, shall not 
exceed the present delegation of Allegany coun- 
ty, allowed under this Constitution until after the 
next census. 

Article IX . — Militia. 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Legisla- 
ture to pass laws for the enrollment of the 
militia ; to provide for districting the State into 
divisions, brigades, battalions, regiments, and 
companies, and to pass laws for the effectual en- 
couragement of volunteer corps by some mode 
which may induce the formation and continuance 
of at least one volunteer company in every coun- 
ty and division in the city of Baltimore. The 
company, battalion, and regimental officers (staff 
officers excepted) shall be elected by the persons 
composing their several companies, battalions, 
and regiments. 

Sec. 2. The Adjutant General shall be ap- 
pointed by the Governor, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate. He shall hold his of- 
fice for the term of six years, and receive the 
same salary as heretofore, until changed by the 
Legislature. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 267 

Article X. — MtsceUaneo 

Section 1. Every officer of this State, the Gov- 
ernor excepted, the entire amount of whose pay 
or compensation received for the discharge of his 
official duties shall exceed the yearly sum of three 
thousand dollars, shall keep a book, in which 
shall be entered every sum or sums of money re- 
ceived by him or on his account as a payment or 
compensation for his performance of official duties, 
a copy of which entries in said book, verified by 
the oath of the officer by whom it is directed to 
be kept, shall be returned yearly to the Tr 
urer of the State for his inspection and that of 
the General Assembly of Maryland ; and each of 
such officers, when the amount received by him 
for the year shall exceed the sum of three thou- 
sand dollars, shall yearly pay over to the Treas- 
urer the amount of such excess by him received, 
subject to such disposition thereof as the Legisla- 
ture may deem just and equitable. And any 
such officer failing to comply with the said requi- 
sition, shall be deemed to have vacated his office, 
and be subject to suit by the State for the amount 
that ought to have been paid into the treasury. 

Sec. 2. The Legislature shall have power to 
pass all such laws as may be necessary and prop- 
er for carrying into execution the powers vested 
.by this Constitution, in any department or office 



268 POLITICAL. 

of the government, and the duties imposed upon 
them thereby. 

Sec. 3. If in any election directed by this Con- 
stitution any two or more candidates shall have 
the highest and an equal number of votes, a new 
election shall be ordered, unless in cases specially 
provided for by the Constitution. 

Sec. 4. The trial by jury of all issues of fact in 
civil proceedings, in the several courts of law in 
this State, where the amount in controversy ex- 
ceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be inviolably 
preserved. 

Sec. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases the 
jury shall be the judges of law as well as fact. 

Sec. 6. The Legislature shall have power to 
regulate by law all matters which relate to the 
judges, time, place and manner of holding elec- 
tions in this State, and of making returns thereof, 
provided that the tenure and term of office, and 
the day of election shall not be affected thereby. 

Sec. 7. All rights vested, and all liabilities in- 
curred shall remain as if this Constitution had 
not been adopted. 

Sec. 8. The Governor and all officers, civil and 
military, now holding commissions under this 
State shall continue to hold and exercise their 
offices, according to their present tenure, until 
they shall be superseded, pursuant to the provi- 
sions of this Constitution, and until their succes- 
sors be duly qualified. 



JTTION OF MARYLAND. 269 

c. 9. The sheriffs of the several counties of 
this State, and of the city of Baltimore, shall gr 
>tice of the several electiona authorized by ti 

Constitution, in the manner prescribed by exist- 
ing laws for elections under the present Consti- 
tution. 

-. 10. This Constitution, if adopted by a d - 
jority of the legal v< at on the first Wedn< 

day of June next s shall go into operation on the 
fourtli day of July next, and on and after said day 
shall supersede the present Constitution of this 
State. 

Article XI . — A mi ndmt nt of the ConstitutiorL 

It shall be the duty of the Legislature, at its 
first session immediately 31 ling the returns 

of every census of the United States, hereafter 
taken, to pass a law for tabling, at the next 

general election of Delegates, ti. e of the 

people of Maryland in regard to the calling a con- 
vention for altering the Constitution : and in ca£ 
the majority of votes east at said election shall 
be in favor of calling a convention, the Legisla- 
ture shall provide for assembling such convention, 
and electing Delegates thereto at the earliest con- 
venient day : and the Delegates to the said con- 
vention shall be elected by the several counties 
of the State, and the city of Baltimore, in pro- 
portion to their representation respectivelv in 
23* 



270 POLITICAL. 

the Senate and House of Delegates, at the time 
when said convention may be called. 

Done in Convention the 13th day of May, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-one, and of the Independence of the United 
States the seventy-fifth, 

J. G. CHAPMAN, 
President of the Convention. 

Attest — George G. Brewer, 

Secretary to Convention. 

STATE OF MARYLAND, 

COURT OF APPEALS, W. S. 

/, Richard W. Gill, Clerk of the Court 
Appeals aforesaid, do hereby certify that this Con- 
stitution ivas this sixteenth day of May, in the 
year of our Lord eighteen hundred and fifty-one, 
filed in this Office. — Witness my hand as Clerk. 

R. W. GILL, Clerk. 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 271 



The Poll Books of each Election District of 
Carroll County, Maryland, at the Presiden- 
tial Election, November 4, 1856, Alphabeti- 
cally arranged. 

In my prospectus, which v shortly af- 

ter the election, I stated that the above mention- 
ed Poll Books would constitute a part of this 
work ; the enthusiasm to know the whereabouts 
of political friends or opponents, as the case mi 
be, had not then fully subsided ; and I might 
have given the matter an imaginary importance. 
But I am still of opinion that an alphabetical 
list of voters may be of use. For instance, it 
will be useful in political conventions, by en- 
abling them to call to mind the absent (often not 
less meritorious than those who attend) in mak- 
ing appointments of every description. How of- 
ten do conventions lose the services of men, good 
and true, because, being at sent they were not 
thought of. Candidates and others, may also 
find it convenient, on political excursions, to have 
a list of the voters of the district they may be 
canvassing ; and even throwing politicians aside 
as being, according to the opinion of some, too 
nearly related to common nuisances, to be worth 
caring for, this list is a tolerable directory for 
the use of business men. whose claim to every 



272 



POLITICAL. 



facility of intercourse, none can dispute. I hope 
my readers who are not residents of Carroll 
county will not complain of this seeming parti- 
ality. My fellow citizens of Carroll, by promptly 
putting their names to my subscription paper, 
are entitled to this very inadequate recognition 
of their kindness and good taste in selecting books. 

DISTRICT No. 1, OR TANEYTOWN. 



James Adelsperger, 
John Adelsperger, 
James Airing, 
Daniel Airing, 
James Airing, 

Hezekiah Baker, 
Jerome Baumgartner, 
Josiah Baumgartner, 
Henry Baumgartner, 
John Baumgartner, 
David Baumgartner, 
Sam'l Baumgartner, 
Jacob Baumgartner, 
Peter Bishop, 
Henry Bishop, 

Win. Case, 
Lewis Cash, 
John Clabaugh, 
James Clabaugh, 
John H. Clabaugh, 
James Clabaugh, 
Michael Clapsaddle, 
Adam Clark, 
John Clinghan, 
Sam'l Clinghan, 
George W. Close, 



John Althoof, 
James Angel, 
Joseph Angel, 
Wm. Angel, 

B 

Detrick Bishop, 
John Black, 
Josiah Bloom, 
Jacob Bloom, 
Samuel Bobylon, 
Joel Bowers, 
Sam'l C. Bowers, 
Joseph Bowers, 
John Bowerr, 

C 

Jesse Cornell, 
Wm. Cornell, 
Jacob Cornell, 
Richard Cornell, 
Jacob Cornell, 
Jasper Crabbs, 
John Crabbs, 
Wm. Crabbs, 
Frederick Crabbs, 
George Crabbs, 
John Crabbs, 



Ephraim Angel, 
Abraham Angel, 
Augustine Arnold, 
Thomas Arnold. 



Sam'l Bowers, 
Sam'l Burk, 
Wm. Burk, 
Joseph C. Burk, 
Geo. Burk, 
Patrick Burk, 
James Burk, 
John Byers, 
Henry Byers. 



Gustavus Crabster, 
James Crouse, 
Wm. Crouse, 
Sam'l Crouse, 
James A. Crouse, 
Daniel Crouse, 
Richard Crouse, 
Charles Crouse, 
Elijah Currens, 
John Currens, 
Elijah Currens. 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 



273 



Frederick Darcotts, 
John W. Davis, 

Joseph Eck, 
William Eck, 
Henry Eck, 



D 

Jacob Day hoof, 
Christian Dayhoof, 

E 
Jeremiah Eckenrode, 
Jacob Eckenrode, 



William Delaplane, 
Israel Derr. 



Francis Eline, 
Valentine Ellicott. 



Chas. Fair, 
Sain'l Fair, 
George H. Fair, 
John Fair, 
Abraham Feeser, 
Jesse Feeser, 
James Feeser, 
Wm. Fisher, 
David Fleagle, 
Elijah Fleagle, 
Daniel Fleagle, 
George W. Fleagle, 
Tobias Flockersmith, 

Samuel Gait, Sr., 
Samuel Gait, Jr., 
John Gait, 
Sterling Gait, 
Washington Gait, 

Saml Hahn, 
Philip Hahn, 
Sam'l Hahn of D., 
Daniel Hahn, 
Tobias Hahn, 
Wm. Hahn, 
Hezekiah Hahn, 
Abraham E. Hahn, 
Sam'l Hahn, 
Wm. Harfleigh, 
Simon Harman, 
Joseph Harman, 
Hezekiah Harman, 
Valentine Harman, 
John Harman, 
Frederick Harner, 



David Fogle, 
Michael Fogle, 
John Fogle, 
David Fogle, 
Wm. Fogle, 
Elias Fogle, 
Jacob Fogle, 
Joseph Fogle, 
David Foreman, 
David Forney, 
Abraham Forney, 
Peter Forsythe, 
Aaron Frame, 

G 

Joseph Gardner, 
Abraham Gardner, 
Wm. Garner, 
John Garver, 
Joseph Good, 
II 
Daniel Harner, 
Ephraim Harner, 
Andrew Harner, 
Ephraim Harner, 
Wm. Harner, 
John Harner, 
James Harner, 
David Harner, 
Andrew Harner, 
Sam'l Harner, 
Joseph Harnish, 
Wm. Haugh, 
Peter Hawk, 
Wm. Hawk of Peter, 
Joseph Hawk, 
James Heck, 



Wm. Frame, 
George Frame, 
Michael Fringer, 
Nicholas Fringer, 
John G. Fritchey, 
Wm. A Fritchey, 
John Frock, 
Benjamin Frock, 
Valentine Frock, 
Jeremiah Frock, 
Daniel Frock, 
John Fuss. 



John Goodlent, 
Michael Grace, 
James Grace, 
Wm. Gulden. 



Nicholas Heck, 
Peter Heck, 
Nathaniel Heck, 
Adam Heiss, 
Peter Heltebrick, 
David Heltebrick, 
George Heltebrick, 
John Heltebrick, 
Uriah Heltebridle, 
Jacob Heltebridle, 
Sam'l Hess, 
Chas. Hess, 
Henry Hess, 
Abraham Hess, 
Wm. Hess, 
Daniel Hess, 



274 



POLITICAL. 



John Hess, 
Sam'l R. Hess, 
Robert Hill, 
Abraham Hill, 
William Hiner, 



Lewis Hiser, 
John T. Hitechew, 
Gideon Hitechew, 
John Hitechew, 



John Hollenberg, 
Wm. Hollenburg, 
Peter Humburgh, 
Francis Humburgh. 



Benjamin Jemison, 
Johnson Jemison, 
Benjamin Johnson, 

Francis Kase, 
Paul Kase, 
Sam'l Kase, 
Thomas Keefer, 
Wm. Keefer, 
John Kehn, 
David Kephart, 
Solomon Kephart, 
Michael Kesselring, 



Jerome Johnson, 
William Johnson, 
Thomas Jones, Sr., 

K 
Sam'l Kesselring, 
John Kesselring, 
George Kesselring, 
William Kesselring, 
John Knox, 
Robert Knox, 
Jacob Koons, 
James Koons, 



John Jones, 
Thomas Jones, 
John W. Jones. 

James Koons, 
John Koons, 
Conrad KoontZj 
Andrew Koontz> 
John Kregelo, 
Jacob Kregelo, 
John Kuhns, 
Wm. Kyser. 



Isaiah Lambert, 
Jacob Lambert, 
David Lambert, 
Emanuel Lambert, 

Peter Mark, 
David Martin, 
Rudolph Martin, 
Alexander McAllister, 
James McAllister, 

Sam'l Nail, 
Wm. Nail, 
Wm. Newcomer, 
Jacob Newcomer, 
Sam'l Newcomer, 

Sebastian Obold, 
Edmund Obold, 
Peter Ohler, 

Henry Peters, 
Henry Picking, 



Jeremiah Lambert, 
Israel Lambert, 
George Lambert, 
Sam'l L. Linah, 

M 
John McKellip, 
James McKellip, 
David Mering, 
Daniel Mering, 

N 
Ephraim Newcomer, 
Isaac Newcomer, 
Henry Newcomer, 
James Nicum, 
Sam'l Null, 

O 
Frederick Ohler, 
James Ohler, 
Thomas O'Neil, 

P 
James Piper, 
Washington L. Piper, 



Amos Litener, 
Thomas Longly, 
Peter Lookenbiel. 



Jacob Mering, 
George Miller, 
Peter Mort, 
John Myers. 



Joshua Null, 
Daniel Null, 
Jacob Null, 
George Null. 



David Orendorff, 
Michael Ott. 



Jackson Piper. 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 



275 



Uanson Raitt, 
Hammond Raitt, 
Nathaniel Raitt, 
Joseph Reaver, 
Israel Reaver, 
Frederick Reaver, 
Benjamin Reaver, 
John Reaver, 
William Reaver, 
Daniel Reaver, 
Uriah Reaver, 
Sam'l Reaver, 
Washington Reaver, 



R 

John Reck, 
Jacob Reed, 
George Reed, 
Gassaway Reed, 
Sam'l Reindollar, 
John Reindollar, 
David Reindollar, 
Sam'l Reindollar, 
William Reindollar, 
James Reindollar, 
David Reindollar, 
John Reindollar, 



Henry Reindollar, 
Sam'l Ridinger, 
Peter Ridinger, 
John Ridinger, 
Henry Rineman, 
Jeremiah Rinehart, 
John Rodgers, 
James Rodgers, 
John Rowe, 
Wm. Rudisel, 
Tobias Rudisel, 
Thomas Rudisel. 



Jacob Saxonheimer, 

Solomon Sentman, 

Eli Sewers, 

Jesse Shafer, 

Joseph Shaner, 

Washington Shaw, 

William Shaw, 

Elias Sheets, 

Eli Sheets, 

Abraham Sheets, 

Henry Shilt, 

Wm. Shilt, 

Wm. Shindeldecker, 

John Shoemaker, 

William Shoemaker, 

Joseph Shoemaker, 

Barney Shoemaker, 

Americus Shoemaker, 

John Shoemaker, 

Wm. Shoemaker of Wm. 

Wm. Shorb, 

David Shorb, 

Wm. Shorb, 

Conrad Shorb, 

David Taney, 
Frederick Taney, 
James Thompson, 



Washington Shorb, 
Abraham Shorb, 
James Shorb, 
David Shriner, 
Isaac Shriner, 
Jacob Shriner, 
Wm. Shriner, 
Sam'l Shriner, 
Philip Shriner, 
Abraham Shriner, 
John T. Shriner, 
John Shriner, 
Henry Shriver, 
Jacob Shuler, 
Benjamin Shunk, 
Philip Six, 
William Six, 
Thomas Six, 
Wendell Slates, 
Sam'l Slick, 
Sam'l Slagenhaupt, 
John Slagenhaupt, 
James Slagenhaupt, 
Philip Smith, 
T 
Thomas Thompson, 
Joseph W. Thompson, 



Obadiah Smith, 
Stephen Smith, 
George Smith, 
Sam'l Smith, 
Daniel Snovell, 
Jacob Snyder, 
George Snyder, 
Jacob Snyder, 
Levi Snyder, 
Washington Southgate, 
John Sowers, 
Edward Spalding, 
Jonas Spangler, 
Wm. H. Starr, 
John Steer, 
John Stouffer, 
John Stockslayer, 
Uriah Stonesifer, 
Sam'l Stultz, 
Henry Stultz, 
JohrwStuller, 
John Swope, 
Sam'l Swope. 



John Thompson, 
William Topper. 



William Vahn. 



276 


POLITICAL. 






W 




John Weant, 
George Welty, 
Joseph Welty, 
Thomas Wilson, 


George Wilt, 
Joseph Witherow, 
Sam'! Wivell, 

Y 


James Wivell, 
Jonathan Woods, 
F. G. Wright. 


Jacob Yingling, 
Jacob Yingling, 


John Young, 

z 


George Young. 


Jacob Zentz, 


John Zentz, 


Jacob Zumbrum. 






DISTRICT No. 2, OR UNIONTOWN. 



.Richard Adams, 
John Aholts, 
Robert Arthon, 
JohnD. Alcock, 
Samuel Anders, 

Andrew Babylon, 
William Babylon, 
John Babylon, 
Michael Babylon, 
Jacob Babylon, 
Isaiah Babylon, 
John Babylon, 
Jesse Babylon, 
David Babylon, 
Jacob Baker, 
Levi Baker, 
Josiah Bankerd, 
Thomas Bankerd, 
Emanuel Bankerd, 
Abraham Bankerd, 
John Bankerd, 
Jehu Bankerd, 
Ephriam L. Bankerd, 

Edward Caldwell, 
David Calkrider, 
Jacob Carpenter, 
David R. Carlisle, 



Samuel Anders of J., 
Elias Appier, 
Urbanus Appier, 
Jacob Appier, 

B 

Henry Bankerd, 
Ehpraim Bankerd, 
Leonard Barnhart, 
Samuel Barr, 
David Barr, 
Jacob Barr, 
Henry Baumgartner, 
Joseph Baust, 
Cornelius Baust, 
Wm. H. Baust, 
John Beard, 
Henry Beard, 
Sam'l Beck, 
Larkin Belt, 
Jacob Billmyer, 
Rodgers Birnie, 
Daniel Black, 
Daniel Black, 

C 
Levi Caylor, 
Jacob Cell, 
Henry Cell, 
Samuel Chew, 



Andrew Arthur, 
John Arthur of Wm. 
Joseph Arthur, 
John Arthur. 



John H. Blackstone, 
George Blizzard, 
Wm. Bloom, 
John Bloom, 
Jacob M. Bollinger, 
Caleb Boring, 
Isaiah Boston, 
James Boston, 
Ephraim Bowers, 
Samuel Bowers, 
Joseph Bowers, 
Geo. A. W. Bowersox, 
John Brower, 
Washington Brown, 
William Brown, 
John Brown, 
David Brown, 
Emanuel L. Bucher. 



Jacob H. Christ, 
Jacob Christ, 
Peter Christ, 
Jacob Circle, 



POLL BOOKS OF OAKKOLL COUNTY, MD. 



277 



Joseph Coe, 
Adam Coe, 
John C. Cookson, 
nnis Cookson, 
Levi Cookson, 
Mathias Copenham, 

W. W. Dallas, 
Adam Danner, 
.lames Davidson, 
John Davidson, 
John Davidson, 
Robert Davidson, 
Hiram Davis, 
John Dajhoof, 

Jonas Ebbert, 
John T. Eckhart, 
Jacob Eckhart, 
Jacob Eckhart, 
John Eckhart, 
Andrew Eckhart, 
Uriah Eckhart, 



Elias Coppersmith, Charles Crawford, 

Rich'd D. Coppersmith, Joshua Crawford, 

Simon Coppersmith, Henry Cru 

Tobias Cover, David Crumbecker, 

George Crabbs, Nathan Crumbecker. 



D 

Richard Dell, 
John T. Derr, 
Frederick Devillbiss, 
Charles L. Devillbiss, 
John Devillbiss, 
William Devillbiss, 
Charles Devillbiss, 
John Dickensheets, 

E 
John A. Eckhart, 
George F. Eckman, 
Win, Engleman, 
Fredrick Englar, 
Jacob Enesman, 
Augustus Ensor, 



Wm. Dickensheets, 
Michael Dutshour, 
Michael Dutshour, 
Paul Dutshour, 
Henry Drach, 
Daniel Drach, 
Robert Dungan. 



Jacob Erb, 
George Erb, 
Jacob Erb, 
Jesse Erb, 
Peter Erb, 
Emanuel Erb. 



Joel Farquer, 
Wm. Farquer, 
Thomas Farmritc, 
Seth Fisher, 
Thomas Fisher, 
Samuel Fites, 
Levi Fleagle, 
John Fleagle, 
Jacob Fleagle, 
Xoah Fleagle, 
John Fleagle, 
Isaiah Fleagle, 

Peter W. Galwith, 
John N. Galwith, 
George Geisalman, 

Abraham Hahn, 
Benjamin Hahn, 
David Haifle, 
24 



Jacob Fleagle, 
George Fleagle, 
George Fleagle, 
Jesse Fleagle, 
Frederick Flickinger, 
William Flickinger, 
Jacob Fogleson, 
Benjamin Foreman, 
Lewis Formwalt, 
Xoah Formwalt, 
Solomon Formwalt, 
William Formwalt, 

G 
William Gilbert, 
George Gilbert, 
James Gilbert, 

II 
Levi Haifle, 
Simon Haifle, 
Peter Haifle, 



Emanuel Formwalt, 
David Foutz, 
Joseph Foutz, 
Joseph Foutz, 
Erasmus Fowble, 
John Fowler, 
Solomon Fox, 
Wm. Frozzle, 
Wm. Frownfelter, 
John W. Furguson, 
Daniel Fuss, 
Henry Fuss. 

Jonathan Golly, 
John H. Grammar, 
John Grammar. 

Reuben Haines, 
Nathan Haines, 
Granville Haines, 



278 



POLITICAL. 



Henry Haines, 
John R. Haines, 
Andrew Haines, 
George W. Haines, 
Levi Haines, 
Levi Haines, 
Joel Haines, 
Wm, Haines, 
Jeremiah Haines, 
David Haines, 
Mordecai Haines, 
Frederick Hamburgh, 
Wm. Hann, 
Henry H. Harbaugh, 
Jacob Harman, 
George Harris, 
Henry Heltebridle, 



David Heltebridle, 
Wm. Heltebridle, 
Daniel Heltebridle, 
Frederick Helwrg, 
Joseph Helwig, 
John Helwig, 
George Hess, 
Daniel Hess, 
Abraham Hesson, 
James Hesson, 
Joseph Hesson, 
Eli Hesson, 
John Hesson of A., 
John Hesson, 
Peter Hesson, 
Jesse Hesson, 



Theodore Hibberd, 
Charles Hitechew, 
Wm. Hitechew, 
Wm. Hitechew, 
Charles Hobbs, 
Moses Hollenberry, 
Peter Hollenberry, 
Peter Hollenberry, 
Elias Hollenberry, 
James Hooker, 
Wm. Hugh, 
David Hull, 
John Humbert, 
Jacob Humbert, 
Michael Humbert, 
Wm. Humbert. 



Morris Jenkins, John H. Jordan. 

K 



John C. Kagle, 
Isaac Keefer, 
Joseph Kelly, 

John Lambert, 
Hezekiah Lambert, 
David F. Lamott, 
Thomas Lamper, 
William Lampert, 
George Lantz, 
Henry Lantz, 
James Lantz, 

John Mager, 
Jacob Marker, 
Wm. Martin, 
Jacob Martin, 
Tobias Martin, 
Frederick Martwortb, 
Jacob Masonheimer, 
Henry Masonheimer, 
Adam Masonheimer, 
John McDemot, 
Norris Meredith, 



Edward Kelly, 
Scott Kennedy, 
Booth Kennedy, 

L 

Wm. L. Lantz, 
John T. Lantz, 
George Lemon, 
Jesse Lemon, 
Jacob Leppo, 
David Lightner, 
John Lightner, 
David Lightner, 

M 

Nathaniel Meredith, 
Wm. Meredith, 
Arthur C. Meredith, 
David Merely, 
John T. Messier, 
Ulrick Messier, 
Thomas Metcalf, 
John Metcalf, 
John Metcalf, 
Joseph Miller, 
Bernard Mills, 



John Koons, 
Jacob Koons* 



Randolph Leatherwood, 
John Leister, 
John Leister, 
Charles Lowe, 
John T. Lowe, 
John Ludwick, 
John M. Ludwick, 
Wm. Lookenbeil. 

Joseph Moore, 
Joseph Moorshower, 
Jacob Morelock, 
David Morelock, 
Jacob Morelock, 
John Morningstar, 
George Myerly, 
Jonathan Myers, 
Jacob Myers, 
Charles Myers, 
John Myers, 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 



279 



Andrew Myer«, 
Jacob Myers, 
Jesse Myers, 
John Myers, 
David Myers, 



Isaac Myers, 
Abraham Myers, 
Philip Myers, 
Jesse T. Myers, 



Joel Myers, 
Jonas Myers, 
Joseph Myers, 
Jacob Myers of T. 



Lewis Xichols, Abraham Xusbaum, 

Washington Xicodemus, John Xusbaum, 
Samuel Xusbaum, 

O 



Daniel Ogle, 
David Ogle, 

Joseph Parish, 
David Petree, 
Isaac Petree, 

James Reaver, 
David Reaver, 
Levi Reck, 
Ephraim B. Repp, 
Wm. Rick, 
David Rightly, 
Henry Rigle, 
John Rinehart, 

John H. Sawble, 
William Segafoose, 
J. W. Segafoose, 
Emanuel Sell, 
J. Hanson Senseny, 
Moses Shapely, 
Moses Shaw, 
Jacob Sheets, 
David Sheets, 
Thomas Shepherd, 
Wm. Shepherd, 
Jas. F. Shepherd, 
Thos. F. Shepherd, 
David Sherman, 
Randall Shueey, 
Jacob K. Shueey, 
Daniel Shriner, 
Ezra L. Shriner, 



John H. Ogle, 



John W. Picking, 
Godfrey Piper, 
Jacob Plowman, 

R 

John Roberts, 
Francis C. Roberts, 
Wm. Roberts, 
Jacob Rodher, 
Wm. Romsbert, 
Joseph Roop, 
Daniel Roop, 
John Roop, 

S 
Alfred Shriver, 
Samuel Shunk, 
Jacob Singer, 
Jeremiah Singer, 
John Slonaker, 
Jacob Slonaker, 
Andrew Slonaker, 
Wm. H. Smelser, 
John Smith, 
Chas. E. Smith, 
Jacob Smith, 
Jeremiah Smith, 
Edward S. Smith, 
Reuben Southgate, 
Wm. Southgate, 
Hamilton Sponsler, 
John Stann, 
Joshua Stansberry, 



Michael X"usbaum, 
Wm. Xusbaum. 



James Ogle. 



Columbus Plowman, 
Ephriam Powell, 
Jacob H. Powell. 



Thomas Routzahn, 
Henry Routzahn, 
Ephraim Row, 
Samuel Row, 
Henry Row, 
David Row, 
Israel Row, 
Daniel H. Rudolph. 

John E. Starr, 
John Stemm, 
Reuben Stem, 
X'athan Stem, 
Michael Stern, 
Reuben Stine, 
David Stouffer, 
David Stoner, 
Ezra Stoner, 
Solomon Stoner, 
Emanuel Stoner, 
Levi Stonesifer, 
Cyrus Stonesifer, 
Ephraim Stonesifer, 
Edward Stroway, 
Christian Stullin, 
Conrad Stuller, 
Henry Stuller, 



280 



POLITICAL. 



James Stultz, Abraham Stultz, David Stuitz, 

Daniel Stultz, John T. Stultz, Frederick Swentzel. 

Wm, Stultz, Granville Stultz, 

T 

Frederick Taney, Thomas Townsend, David Trump. 

U 

Samuel Unger, Josiah Unger. 

V 



Josiah Valentine, 
Levi Yalentine, 

Samuel Wagoner, 
Michael Wagoner, 
Michael Wagoner, 
Wm. Wagoner, 
John Wagoner, 
Lewis Waltz, 
Frederick Wantz, 
George Wantz, 
Yalentine Wantz, 
Samuel Warehime, 
James Warner, 
George Warner, 
Wm. Warner, 
A. Sterrett Warner, 
George Warner, Jr. 
George Warner, Sr. 
J. J. Weaver, 

David Yingling, 
Joshua Yingling, 



Wm. Valentine, 



W 



Joseph Weaver, 
Harrison Weaver, 
Jesse Weaver, 
Samuel Weaver, 
Hanson T. Webb, 
Charles Weinck, 
Zachariah Wellington, 
Samuel Wentz, 
John Wentz, 
Emanuel Wentz, 
Martin Whiteleather, 
John B. Williams, 
Wm. H. Williams, 
Francis Williams, 
John T. Wilson, 
Wm. Wilson, 
Ephraim Wilson, 

Y 

Hezekiah Yingling, 
Uriah Yingling, 



Jacob Valentine. 



Joseph Wilson, 
George Wilson, 
Joseph Winters, 
John Winters, 
Samuel Winters, 
Reuben Winters, 
Jacob Wisley, 
Wm. Wively, 
Daniel Wolf, 
Abraham Wolf, 
Joseph Wolf, 
John M. Wolf, 
Wm. Woods, 
Wm. Worley, 
Isaac Wright, 
Barnes Wright, 
John C. Wright. 

Jacob Yon, 
Joseph Young. 



Wm. Zimmerman, 
Daniel Zollicoffer, 



Alfred Zollicoffer, 



Edward Zollicoffer. 



DISTRICT No. 3, OR MYERS. 

A 

Alexander Adlesperger, George Allvvood, Solomon Arter, 

Josiah Adlesperger, Uriah Arter, Philip Arter. 

John Adlesperger, 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 



281 



B 

John Beachtell., 
Henry Beachtell, 
Sam'l Beachtell, 
Ephraim Bentzell, 
William II. Bish, 
Nicholas Bish, 
Peter Bish, 
Daniel Bish, 
Ephraim Bish, 
Peter Bittle, 
James Bittle, 
James Bittle, 
Henry Black, 
J as. W. Black, 
Wesley Bloom, 

C 

Sani'l Cover, 
Jacob Cramer, 
Sam'l Crawford, 
Hezekia Craul, 

D 

Isaac Decraft, James E. Dudron, 

Frederick Dickensheets, Josiah Dudron, 



Henry Bachman, 
Christian Bankerd, 
Jacob Bankerd, 
Isaac Bankerd, 
John Bankerd, 
Mosheim Bankerd, 
James Bankerd, 
Wm. Bankerd, 
Uriah J. Bankerd, 
Elias Bankerd, 
Jacob W. Baum, 
Jacob Baum, 
Jacob Baumgartner, 
Peter Baumgartner, 
Henry Beachtell, 



John Classen, 
J. Wesley Clonster, 
Alfred S. Cole, 
Wm. Copenhaver, 



George Dudron, 

Jacob H. Earhart, 
Jacob Earhart, 
David B. Earhart, 
J. Wm. Earhart 
Paul Eck, 



George Dudron, 

E 

Frederick Emrich, 
Samuel Erb, 
Christopher Erb, 
Christian Erb, 
Elias Erb, 



Joseph Blunkert, 
Solomon Boose, 
Adam Bowers, 
Sam'l Bowers, 
Jacob Bowers, 
George Bowers, 
Jeremiah R. Bowersox, 
Daniel Bowersox, 
Absalom H. Bowersox, 
George Bowman, 
Amos Bowman, 
George Bowman, 
Joseph Brown, 
Peter Brown, 
Wm. X. Burgoon. 



David Crouse, 
John Crouse, 
John Crouse, 
Win. Crouse. 



Joseph Dudron, 
Chas. Duee. 



John Erb, 
Chas. Erb, 
Joseph Erb, 
Uriah Erb, 
Sam'l Erb of Chas. 



Wm. J. Feeser, 
Cyrus Feeser, 
David Feeser, 
Adam W. Feeser, 
Henry Feeser, 
Ephraim Feeser, 



Sam'l Feeser, 
John Feeser, 
John Flickinger, 
Lawrence Formwalt, 
Andrew Fraler, 
Levi D. Frock, 



Henry Frock, 
Wm. Frock, 
Jacob W. Frock, 
Jacob Frock, 
Joshua Frounfelter. 



Jacob Geeting, 

Sam'l Geeting, 

24* 



John Glass, 
Peter Gonger, 



Anthony Gonger, 
Christopher Grosshones. 



282 



POLITICAL, 



Henry Hahn, 
Joseph E. Hahn, 
Jacob Hahn, 
John Hantler, 
James Heird, 
Elias Heltebridle, 
Jacob Hess, 
Jacob Hess, 
Isaac Hess, 

John Jones, 
Chas. Jones, 

Barney Kaene, 
Barney Kaene, Jr., 
Wm. Keefer, 
James Kelly, 
Thomas Kelly, 
Elias Kemper, 

Peter Lang, 
Aloysus Lawrence, 
David Lease, 
George Lease, 
Philip Lease, 
David Lease, 
Ezra Legere, 
Edward Leister, 
Jacob Leister, 
David Leister, 



Wm. Markle, 
Peter Masonheimer, 
Daniel J. Mathias, 
Benjamin Mathias, 
Benjamin J. Mathias, 
Wm. H. Maus, 
Jacob Maus, 
John Maus, • 
Edward Merger, 
Sam'l Messinger, 
George Mihme, 



H 

Sam'l Hesson, 
Jacob Hesson, 
Isaac Hesson, 
Benjamin Hesson, 
William Hesson, 
Joseph Hesson, 
John E. Hornberger, 
Gorshun Huff, 



John H. Jones, 
David B. Jones, 

K 

Lewis Kerbaugh, 
Michael Kern, 
Henry Knipple, 
Abraham Koontz, 
Absalom Koontz, 
George Koontz, 

L 

Simon Leppo, 
Henry Leppo, 
David Leppo, 
Daniel Leppo, 
Tobias Leppo, 
William Lingenfelter, 
William H. Lippy, 
Joseph Lippy, 
George Lippy, 
John Lippy, 

M 

Jacob Mil^esell, 
Wm. B. Mikesell, 
Henry Miller, 
Abijah Miller, 
John Miller, 
Samuel Miller, 
Peter Miller, 
Sam'l Miller, 
Jeremiah Morelock, 
John Motter, 
Wm. Motter ? 



Wm. T. Huff, 
Wm. H. Hull, 
Isaac Hull, 
Jacob A. Humbert, 
George Humbert, 
George A. Humbert, 
Wm. H. Humbert, 
Wm. S. Hyle. 






Ephraim Jones, 
Hezekiah Jones. 

George Koontz, 
John Koontz, 
Wm. H. Krantz, 
Jacob Kump, 
David Kump, 
Peter Kump. 

David Little, 
John Little, 
John Little, 
George P. Little, 
Wm. Little, 
Josephus Little, 
Peter Lookenbeil, 
Samuel Lookenbeil, 
Thomas Lynch, 
Patrick Lynch. 



Andrew Motter, 
Henry Mumert, 
Anthony Myers, 
Sam'l Myers, 
Daniel Myers, 
Christian Myers, 
Jesse Myers, 
Daniel Myers, 
Henry Myers, 
Emanuel Myers, 
Npah Myers, 






POLL HOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MI). 



283 



Jacob Myers, 
Sam'l Myers, 
Henry Myers, 



John Myers, 
Wm. Myers, 
Daniel lfj 

P 



Jacob Paul, 



Lewis Rauch, 
George Redman, 
George Reindollar, 
Jesse Reindollar, 
James Reindollar, 



R 



Emanuel Myers, 
Peter Myers of C, 
Peter Myers. 



Levi R. Peterman. 



Daniel Reinecker, 
Wm. II. Reinecker, 
Paul Reinecker, 
.Jacob Reinecker. 
Joseph Rohnback, 



Daniel Routhpouch, 
Henry Routzahn, 
David Routzahn, 
Perry Rumler. 



Beal Seies, 
Daniel Sentz, 
Joseph Sheets, 
Murray F. Shilling, 
Daniel Shoil, 
Philip Sholl, 
Michael Sholl, 
James Sholl, 
Win. Shriver, 
Andrew Shriver, 
Henry Shuler, 
Josiah Shuler, 
John Shuler, 
Barnabas Slyder, 
Martin Smith, 
Michael Smith, 

Wm. Tagg, 
Moses Troxell, 



John Wagoner, 
Philip Wentz, 
Jacob Wentz, 
Joseph Werner, 
Henry Werner, 
Ephraim Werner, 
Thomas Werner^ 

Jacob Yealy, 
Abraham Yeiser, 



Peter Snider, 
John Snider, 
James Snider, 
Sam'l Spitler, 

Sam'l P. Stansberry, 
Noah Stansberry, 
Elias Stehr, 
Jacob Stehr, 
David F. Steincr, 
John Stemmel, 
John D. Sterner, 
Jeremiah Sterner, 
John Steward, 
Daniel Stoncsifer, 
Joseph Stonesifer, 
Andrew Stonesifer, 

T 

Jacob Troxell, 

J . William Troxell, 

W 

J. Henry Weimert, 
Charles Wibeling, 
Henry Willet, 
Absalom Willet, 
Joshua Wisner, 
Christian Wisner, 
Johji Wolf ; 

v 

Daniel Yeiser, 
Emanuel Yeiser, 



Sam'l Stonesifer, 
Sam'l Stonesifer, 
A. Thomas Stonesifer, 

ih Stonesifer, 
Augustus Stonesifer, 
Abraham Stonesifer, 
John Stonesifer, 
Reuben Stonesifer, 
Abraham Stoncsifer, 
Jacob H. Stonesifer, 
Joseph Stonesifer, 
Samuel Stoyer, 
Jacob Study, 
David Study, 
Emanuel Study, 
John Study. 

John Troxell. 



George Wolf, 
Jacob Wolf, 
Wm. Wolf, 
Peter Wolf, 
Jacob D. Wood, 
Ferdinand Worley. 



Daniel Yeiser, 
Christian Yingling, 



284 



POLITICAL. 



Peter Yingling, 
Jacob Yingling, 
Aaron Yingling, 
Christian Yingling, 

David Zentz, 



Uriah Yingling, Paul Yingling, 

Frederick Yingling, Martin Yingling, 

Frederick L. Yingling, Noah Yingling, 

William Yingling, Benjamin Yingling. 

Z 

Joshua Zentz, David Zepp. 



DISTRICT No. 4, OR WOOLERY'S. 



Washington Abbott, 
Thomas J. Abbott, 
David Abbott, 
Joshua Allgire, 
Amon Allgire, 
George Arbaugh, 
Wm. Arbaugh, 

Jeremiah Babylon, 
Allen Baker, 
James Baker, 
John Baker, 
Eunick Baker, 
Sam , l Baker, 
George Barber, 
Jobn W. Barber, 
Joshua T. Barnes, 
Basil Barnes, 
Moses Barnes, 
Benjamin Barne3, 
Perry grine Barnes, 
Moses Barnes, 
George Barnes, 
Hanson T. Bartholow, 
John Beard, Sr. 
A. J. Beaver, 
Henry Bennett, 
Chas. W. Bennett, 



Cornelius Armacost, 
Daniel Armacost, 
John Armacost, 
Henry Arnold, 
Basil Arnold, 
Charles W. Arnold, 

B 

Daniel Billmyer, 
Samuel Blizzard, 
John Blizzard, 
Isaiah Blizzard, 
Wm. Blizzard, 
Philip Blizzard, 
William Bloom, 
Benjamin Bond, 
Jackson Bond, 
Lewis Bond, 
Wm. Bond, 
Henry Bond, 
John Bowman, 
Nicholas Broiterviser, 
Elias Brothers, 
Noah Brown, 
Thomas I. Brown, 
Joseph Brown, 
Charles Brown, 



James Arnold, 
John Arnold, 
William Arnold, 
Joseph Arnold, 
Anthony Arnold, 
John M. Arnold. 



Nelson Brown, 
Owen Buckingham, 
Wm. Buckingham, 
Obediah Buckingham, 
Owen F. Buckingham, 
Elisha F. Buckingham, 
Nicholas Buckingham, 
0. Edwin Buckingham, 
Cornelius Buckley, 
Nimrod Burgess, 
John Burns, 
Edward Burns, 
Edward Burns, 
Z. H. Busby, 
Jabez Bush, 
Daniel Bush, 
Francis Butler, 
Benjamin Byers, 
D. D. Byers. 



Wm. 0. Caples, 
Robert R. Caples, 
Saml. Caples, 
Wm. H. Caples, 



Joseph C. Caples, 
Jacob Caples of AY. 
Jacob Caples, 
Hanson Carter, 



Conrad Crist, 
John H. Chew, 
M. G. Cockey, 
John H. Crapster, 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY. MD. 



285 



Jesse Crapster, 
Elijah Criswell, 
Wd. Crewsy, 

John Daffer, 

C. W. Dalrymple, 

John Davis. 



Henry Croll, 
Andrew Croll, 
kelson Crooks, 

D 

Hanson Davis, 
Rufus Dell, 



Henry Crooks, 
Washington Cullison. 



Thomas Demoss, 
Wm. F. Downey. 



Andrew J. Easton, 
John K. Ebaugh, 
Joseph Eckenrode, 

Patrick Farh, 
Elisha Feature, 
Saml. Flater, 
Peter Flater, 
Wm. Flater, 

William S. Gamber, 
Jacob Gamber, 
Jabez Gardner, 
Jesse F. Gardner, 
J. W. Gardner, 
Silas Gardner, 
Edmund Gardner, 
Nimrod Gardner, 
John W. Gist, 
Isaac C. Gore, 

Joseph Hagn, 
Daniel Hagn, 
Benjamin Haines, 
Joseph Haines, 
Lewis Haines, 
John W. Harden, 
Joseph Hess, 

George Jacobs, 
Richard Jacobs, 
Washington Jones, 



John Elsroad, 
John Engler, 
Lewis Evans, 

F 

John Flater, Jr. 
John Flater, 
Jacob Flater, 
Peter Flater, 
Philip Flater, 

G 

Frederick G. Gorer, 
John W. Gorsuch, 
Phineas A. Gorsuch, 
Elisha Gorsuch, 
Thomas Gorsuch. 
Lewis P. G. Gorsuch, 
Xathan Gorsuch, 
Elias Gorsuch, 
George W. Gorsuch, 
Wm. Gorsuch. 

H 

Leonard Hibberd, 

Lewis Hoff, 

John Hoff, 

John L. Hoff, 

Jacob Hoff, 

Henry Holbrooks, 

John H. Hollingsworth, 

J 

Samuel Jordan, 
Elias Jordan, 
John E. Jordan, 

K 



John W. P>ans, 
Amos Evans. 



Wm. Ford, 
Daniel Frazer, 
John Frick, 
Michael Fry, 
Samuel Fry. 

Alfred Gosnell, 
John Greene, 
Elisha Griffee, 
Amon Grimes, 
Richard Grimes, 
G. W. Grimes, 
John Grime?. 
Dennis Grimes, 
David Grogg. 



Edwin Holland, 
William H. Holmes, 
James W. Hook, 
Wm. H. Hook, 
Adam L. Horner, 
Samuel Hughes. 



William Jordan, 
Lovelace Jordan, 
John Justice. 



Samuel Kealbaugh, 



Adam Kealbaugh. 



286 



POLITICAL. 



George W. Lamott, 
L. A. I. Lamott, 
Abraham Lamott, 
Wm. Lamott, 
Sam'l Lauver, 
Abraham Leister, 
Geo. B. Leister, 

Conrad Mann, 
Salem Martin, 
George Martin, 
Levi Martin, 
Thomas Martin, 
John Martin, 
Absalom McGee, 

Burgess Nelson, 
John W. Nelson, 

John Ogg, 
Luben Ogg, 
Sylvester Ogg, 
Nicholas Ogg, 



Adam Leppo, 
Abijah Leppo, 
John Little, 
James Lockerd, 
Jeremiah Lockerd, 
John Lockerd, 
Wm. Lockerd, 
M 

John McGee, 
Joshua McGee, 
Augustus McGee, 
William McGee, 
Jesse McGee, 
Augustus McGee, 
James McGutchem, 

N 

Sam'l Nicols, 

O 

Elisha Ogg, 
Luben Ogg of N. 
Joseph A. Orendorf, 



John Lockerd, 
Wm. Lockerd, 
Reuben Logue, 
Jesse Long, 
Wm. Long, 
Ludwick Long, 
William Longe. 

Adam Miller, 
George Miller, 
Edmund Mulljn, 
George Mummaugh, 
John T. Murray, 
Joshua Murray, 
John Musselman. 

J. C. Nutting. 



Curtis E. Oursler, 
Azariah Oursler, 
Stephen Oursler, 



Zebedee Parish, 
Obed Pennington, 
Owen Pennington, 
Edwin J. Phillips, 
John T. Phillips, 
Lewis H. Phillips, 



Jesse W. Phillips, 
Joseph W. Pierce, 
Lu dwick Plank, 
Vachel Pool, 
Nathan Pool, 



John Pool, 
Henry Pool, 
Joseph Poo}, 
Upton Proof, 
Abraham Prugh, 



George R. Rhodes, 
Charles Riddle, 

Andrew Say lor, 
Lewis Shafer, 
John Shafer, 
Andrew Shafer, 
John Shamberger, 
Jacob Sharer, 
William M. Shilling. 
Josiah Shilling, 



Leonard Rosenberger, 
John W. Row, 

S 
Nicholas Shilling, 
Edwin Shipley, 
John R. Shipley, 
Thomas Shipley, 
Lloyd Shipley, 
Frederick Shipley, 
A. J. Shipley, 
Alexander Shipley, 



Conrad Rush. 



Lloyd Shipley, 
William Shipley, 
John Shlosser, 
Sam'l Sljockley, 
David Shreeve, 
H. D. Shroder, 
Hezekiah Simmons, 
Isaac Simmons, 



POLL BOOKS OF CAKIIOLL COL'NTY, MD. 



287 



Daniel Sincon, 
Philip Sipc, 
Jacob Slarp, 
George Smith, 
Thomas Smith, 
Reuben Smith, 
Andrew Snider, 
William Sower, 
Thomas Spenser, 
David Spenser, 
John Spensler, 
Sam'l Stansberry, 
Garrett Stansberry, 

George Tanner, 
Jacob Tanner, 
Sam'l Taylor, Jr. 
Thomas Taylor, 
Noah Taylor, 
Henry Taylor, 
Sam'l Taylor of M. 

JohnUhler, 
John Uhler, 

Luke Wagers, 
Hanson W. II. Ward, 
George Ward, 
William Ward, 
Josiah Ward, 
John Wardenfield, 
Elias Warren, 
Jesse Waters, 
Mordecai Welsh, 
Sam'l Welsh, 



Philip Stansberry, 
John Stansberry, 
William Stansberry, 
Joseph Stansberry, 
Joseph II. Stansberry, 
Isaac Stansberry, 
Edward Stocksdale, 
Noah Stocksdale, 
Wm. Stocksdale, 
Francis Stocksdale, 
Tino Stocksdale, 
Cornelius Stocksdale, 
Stephen Stocksdale, 

T 

Sam'l Taylor, 
John Taylor, 
George Taylor, 
Abraham Taylor 
Henry Taylor, 
Elijah Taylor, 
Lewis Taylor, 

U 

Wm, Uhler, 
John H. Uhler, 

w 

Aaron Wheeler, 
Edward Wheeler, 
James White, 
Jacob Wickert, 
Sam'l Wildeson, 
James Williams, 
Elijah Williams, 
Nicholas Williams, 
Charles F. Williams, 



Lewis Stocksdale, 
Edmund H. Stocksdale, 
George W. Btoeksdale, 

John T. Stocksdale, 
JohnW. Street, 
Daniel Stull, 
John L. Stull, 
Michael Sulliven, 
John Sweden, 
Robert Sweet man, 
Michael Sweetman, 
Joseph Sweetzer, 
Charles Sykes. 

Jesse Taylor, 
John Taylor, 
Kenzee Taylor, 
Jacob Trover, 
Reuben A. Trover, 
George Trumbo. 



Washington Uhler, 
Christian Undersock. 



Burgess Williams. 
Thomas Williams, 
Greenberry Williams, 
James Williams, 
Adam Willis, 
Robert Wilson, 
Peter Woods, 
Elijah Woolery, 
Christian J. Woolery. 



Abraham Zents, 



Goldhart Zimmerman. 



DISTRICT No. 5, OR FREEDOM. 



Wm. Adrion, 
James A. Albaugh, 



Win. Allen, 
Washington Allen, 



Charles Allen, 
Lewis Allen. 



288 



POLITICAL. 



John Bacher, 
Peter Bacher, 
Henry Bachman, 
Wm. Baer, 
Joseph Baern, 
Wm. P. Baesman^ 
Joshua Baesman, 
Morris Baker, 
Jesse Baker, 
Wm. Baker, 
John C. Baker, 
Jurant Baker, 
Sam'l Barnett, 
Wm. Barnett, 
Josiah Barnes, 
Resin Barnes, 
Thomas Barnes, 
Benjamin Barnes, 
Elias Barnes, 
Joshua Barnes, 
Richard Barnes, 
Nathaniel Barnes, 
Jacob Beam, 
David Beard, 
James Becraft, 

John Calhoun, 
Wm. Cannonberger, 
James Carroll, 
Henry Carter, 
Jackson Carter, 
Edward A. Cassell, 

John Darnels, 
G. W. Davis, 
C. W. Davis, 
Peter Davis, 
Zacharia Davis, 
Henry Davis, 
George Day, 
Aquilla Day, 
Wesley Day, 
Milton Day, 
John Day, 
Geo. Day, 



B 

Edward Becraft, 
Richard Bellowson, 
W. K. Bellowson, 
Julius Bennett, 
Elisha Bennett, 
Allen Bennett, 
Thomas J. Bennett, 
Sam'l Bennett, 
Reuben Benson, 
Sam'l Bentz, 
John Berry, 
Sam'l Bingham, 
John Blowers, 
Benjamin Blowers, 
G. W. Boone, 
Simon Bogus, 
John Born, 
Elias Brandenburg, 
Wm. Brandenburg, 
Jacob Brandenburg, 
Wm. Bremer, 
James Brice, 
Emanuel Brice, 
James Brice, 
Vachel Brown, 

C 

James Collins, 
William Colston, 
John H. Conoway, 
Charles Conoway, 
Charles Conoway, 
Zacharia Conoway, 

D 
Wm. Dean, 
John Deckabaugh, 
Wm. Devries, 
Robert Devries, 
Christian Devries, 
Elias Devries, 
John B. Devries, 
George Dickson, 
Frederick Dickson, 
George Dickson, 
Henry Door, 
David Dorsey, 



Elias Brown, 
Lloyd Brown, 
S. J. Brown, 
J* H. Brown, 
John Brown, 
Zacharia Brown, 
August Brown, 
Brice Brown, 
John 0. Brown, 
S. T. C. Brown, 
John S. Brown, 
Nathan Brown, 
Peter Brown, 
Elias Brown, Jr., 
Josiah Brown, 
Lewis H. Brown, 
Thomas Buckingham, 
G. Buckingham, 
Ephraim Buckingham, 
Thomas B. Buckingham, 
Oliver P. Buckingham, 
Henry Buckingham, 
Obadiah Buckingham, 
Dennis Buckingham. 



Thomas Cook, 
G. W. Cook, 
John Cook, 
Henry C. Cook, 
Wm. Cook, 
Larkin Cook. 

Beal Dorsey, 
Otho Dorsey, 
Nicholas Dorsey, 
H. E. Dorsey, 
Jonathan Dorsey, 
Ferdinand Dorsey, 
Daniel Dorsey, 
Jonathan Dorsey, 
Jerome Dowd, 
Thomas Duffy, 
Benjamin Duvall. 



I'OM, BOOKS Of CARKOW, COUNTY, Ml). 



289 



Jamc3 Edmondson, 
Jothua J. Edmondson, 
Lorenzo Einhoof, 
Levi Elder, 

J. Fairbanks, 
Larkin Fisher, 
John Fite, 
Samuel Fogle, 
Eli Fogle, 
John Flemming, 
Isaac Force, 

Warner Gaither, 
Joseph Gaither, 
Wm. II. Gardner, 
Freeborn Gardner, 
Lovelace Gardner, 
John C. Gardner, 
Win. Gibson, 
Thomas Gilliss, 
Thomas II. Gilliss, 
George W. Gilliss, 
Portius Gilliss, 
Earhart Ginter, 



Francis W. Haines, 
John P. Hall, 
Sam'l Harden, 
Win. Harden, 
Jacob Harm an, 
Larkin Harn, 
Francis R. Harps, 
Benjamin Hatfield, 
David Heltebridle, 
Jacob Heltebridle, 
Eli Hewitt, 



Greenberry James, 
i Silas Jenkins, ■ 
P. T. Jenkins, 
25 



B 

Wm. Elms, 
Lewis A. Elsen, 
Edward Evans, 



Jacob Foster, 
Jesse Frederick, 
Henry Fringcr, 
Edward F. Frizzle, 

Wm. D. Frizzle, 
John Frizzle, 



Thomas Glcnen, 
Stephen R. Gore, 
John Gore, 
Sam'l Gore, 
Ignatius Gore, 
Hillen Gore, 
Nicholas C. Gore, 
Lovelace Gorsuch, 
Wm. H. Gorsuch, 
Wm. R. Qorsnch, 
Washington Gosnell, 
Perrj Gosnell, 

H 

John Y. Hewitt, 
Eli Hewitt, 
Joseph llij;j:'i:is, 
J. N. Hin 
Joshua Hipsley, 
Joseph Ilobbs, 
Perrygrinc Ilobbs, 
John Thomas Hobbs, 
Gustavus Hobbs, 
Joseph Hobbs, 
Jesse Hollingsworth, 

I 
Edward Ireland, 

J 

Nicholas Jenkins, 
Cornelius Jenkins, 
Perry Johnson, 



Anion Evans, 
Win. Ev;i 
Hampton B 



Frizzle, 
Joel Frizzle, 
Joshua Frizzle, 
[grael Prizzle, 
Isaac Frizzle, 
Daniel Fulmer. 



Jasper Gosnell, 
Thomas 15. Gosnell, 
Aaron Gosnell, 
Israel Gosnell, 
Lewis Greene, 
Henry Greene, 
John Greene, 
Wm. Greene, 
Wm. Grit: 
John Grimes, 
Groves. 



g i Hollingsworth, 
Thomas II 

Charles W. Hood, 
John Hosselberger, 
Jacob Ilouck, 
Henry Hudson, 
Robert Hudson, 
Wm. H. Hues, 
John N. Hues, 
Augustus llutcheens. 



Asbury Johnson, 
Leander Johnson. 



290 



POLITICAL. 



K 



Greenberry Kelly, 



Ezekiel Knock. 



Hanson Leatherwood, 
Jesse Leathenvood, 
Joshua Lee, 
Thomas Lee, 
Joshua Lee, 

Reuben Manica, 
George W. Manro, 
Thomas Mash, 
John Matthews, 



Lewis Ohler, 
John O'Neil, 

John Parish, 
Moses Parish, 
Reuben Parish, 
James Parish, 
Stephen Parish, 
Columbus Parke, 
George Patterson, 
Sam'l W. Patterson, 
Wm. H. Penn, 
Asbury Philips, 
Joshua Philips, 
Wm. Philips, 

Gassaway Rawlings, 
Thomas Rawlings, 
Perry G. Reed, 
Casper Rice, 
Joseph Richards, 
Thomas Richardson, 



Charles Satir, 
John Scribner, 
Lewis Scribner, 



Caleb Lee, 
Robert Lee, 
Jesse Lee, 
Wm. Lindsey, 

M 

Chas. McClane, 
John McClarey, 
Chas. McMacker, 
Cornelius Mercer, 

N 

Nicholas D. Norris. 

O 

Wesley Orr, 
W. D. Oursler, 

P 

Sam'l Philips, 
Jesse Philips, 
Basil Philips, 
Edward Philips, 
Warner Pickett, 
Wm. Pickett, 
Elisha W. Pickett, 
Winchester Pickett, 
Milton Pickett, 
A. Pickett, 
Chas. W. Pickett, 

R 

Nathaniel Richer," 
John W. Ricord, 
John Ricord, 
Robert Ridgely, 
Jeremiah Rinehart, 
John Rinehart, 

S 

Mordecai Selby, 
John H. Selby, 
Jones Selby, 



John H. Lindsey, 
Warren L. Little, 
John Lowe, 
Richard Lyon. 



James Morgan, 
Basil H. Murphy, 
Thomas Murphy, 
Daniel Murray. 



0. H. wings, 
Sam'l Owings. 

John Pierce, 
John Place, 
Gilbert Place, 
Wm. C. Polk, 
Owen Pool, 
Reuben Pool, 
Nathan Porter, 
John Porter, 
Lewis Porter, 
Resin Porter, 
David Pugh. 



Sam'l Ripple, 
Jacob Ritter, 
Lewis Ritter, 
Jacob M. Ritter, Jr 
Wm. Roberts, 
Micajah Rodgers. 

Chas. Seldron, 
Wm. Selmon, 
John Siverse, 



POLL KOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MI). 



291 



Sam'l II. Shipley, 
.lames If. Shipley, 
Cornelius Shipley, 
Lewis Shipley, 
John Shipley, 
Henry R. Shipley, 
Edwin M. Shipley, 
Joshua Shipley. 
Joshua Shipley, 
Jones Shipley, 
G. W. Shipley, 
James H. Shipley, 
Lewis Shipley, 
John Shipley, 
Wm. R. Shipley, 
Larkin Shipley, 
Thomas Shipley, 

Wm. Tensfield, 
Richard A. Thomson, 
Charles Thomson, 



George H. Wadlow, 
J. Oliver Wadlow, 
William Waer, 
Warner Warfield, 
Wm. H. Warfield, 
Surat D. Warfield, 
Z. M. Waters, 
Price Ways, 
Philemon Welsh, 



Grove Shipley, 
Brice Shipley, 
Amon Shipley, 
Isaac Shipley, 
Cornelius Shipley, 
John Shipley, 
Win. G. Shipley, 
Basil Shipley, 
G. A. Shipley, 
John C. Shipley, 
Benjamin Shipley, 
Francis Shipley, 
Henry Shipley, 
Eleazor Shipley, 
Jesse Shipley, 
Richard Shirley, 
Henry Smith, 

T 

John Thomson, 
Thomas Thomson, 
Augustus Trainee, 

V 

Jesse Von. 

W 

John Welsh, 
Philemon Welsh, 
Stephen Whalcn, 
.Joseph Wheeler, 
Levi White, 
John Willhide, 
Wm. Williams, 
Benjamin Williams, 



John Smith, 
Thomas Smith, 
John Smith, 
Reuben Sowers, 
Henry Sprenkle, 
Edward Sprenkle, 
Noah Sprenkle, 
George Sprenkle, 
John F. Steele, 
Wm. Stirnox, 
Augustus Strickner, 
Nelson Sullivan, 
John Sundergill, 
Joshua Sundergill, 
John Suter, 
Wolf Swontz. 



J. Trott, 
Win. Trott, 
S. J. Turnbull. 



Greenberry Wilson, 
Cornelius Wilson, 
Nicholas Wilson, 
Levi Wilson, 
Nathan Wilson, 
Joshua Wilson, 
Joseph Wilson, 
Adam Woodenslagcr. 



Hardress Young, David Young. 

Z 
J. V. Zepp, Ephraim Zepp. 

DISTRICT No. 0, OR MANCHESTER. 



John Abbott, 
John S. Abbott.. 



Wm. Albaugh, 
John Albaugh, 



Wm. P. Anthony, 
Abraham Armstrong. 



292 



POLITICAL. 



David Bankert, 
Beniah Bankert, 
Benjamin Bankert, 
David S. Bankert, 
Joseph Bankert, 
David Baughman, 
Benjamin Baughman, 
Samuel Baughman, 
Joshua Baumgartner, 
Samuel Baumgartner, 
Peter Bayley, 
Michael Becker, 
Abdial Becker, 
Jeremiah Becker, 
Leonard Belchner, 
Henry Beltz, 
Henry E. Beltz, 
John Bentz, 
Edward Bentz, 
Casper Bertner, 
Godfrey Berwager, 
Frederick Berwager, 
Jacob Berwager, 
Frederick Berwager, 

Jacob Campbell, 
George Carson, 
Wm. F. Colliflower, 
George Coltrider, 
Daniel Coltrider, 
Solomon Conrad, 
Emanuel Cox, 



Charles E. Davis, 
Micajah Ditz, 

Elias K. Ebaugh, 
George Henry Ely, 
James Eckenrode, 

John L. Face, 
Peter Fair, 
Henry Fair, 



B 

Daniel Bixler, 
Peter Bixler, 
George Bixler, 
John Bixler, 
Frederick Bixler, 
Absalom Bixler, 
Noah L. Bixler, 
Benjamin Bixler, 
Adam Bixler, 
George Bixler, 
Peter Blanbitz, 
Daniel Bolinger, 
Ezekiel Boring, 
Jacob W. Boring, 
Cornelius Boring, 
Mordecai Boring, 
John M. Boring, 
Adam Borns, 
Jacob Borns, 
John Borns, 
Emanuel Borns, 
Josiah Bose, 
Thomas Bosley, 

C 

Solomon Cramer, 
Peter Crider, 
Henry Cromer, 
Edwin H. Crouse, 
George Crouse, 
Daniel Crumrine, 
Wm. Crumrine, 

D 

Philip Ditz, 
Jacob Ditzler, 

E 
John Eppert, 
David Evans, 
John Everhart, 

F 
John Fair, 
Wm. Fair, 
Jacob Fair, 



Joshua Bosley, 
John Bowman, 
Daniel Bowman, 
Jacob Bowman, 
Andrew L. Bowser, 
Benjamin Bowser, 
John Boyer, 
Michael S. Brillhart, 
David Brillhart, 
Isaac Brillhart, 
John Brillhart, 
Henry M. Brinkman, 
Harman Brinkman, 
Geo. W. H.A. Brown, 
David K. Brown, 
John A. Brown, 
Adam M. Bucher, 
Elias Buckingham, 
Benjamin Buckingham, 
Alfred Buckingham, 
John Bull, 
George Burns, 
Henry L. Burns. 



Wm. Crumrine, 
Aaron Crumrine, 
Philip Crumrine, 
E. J. Crumrine, 
Micajah M. Cullison, 
Micajah Cullison, Jr. 



Andrew Dice, 

Dr. F. Dieffenbach. 



George Everhart, 
George W. Everhart. 



Henry Falkenstein, 
Jacob Feather, 
Balsar Finster, 



POLL BOOKS OF CAIMiOLL COUNTY, Ml). 



293 



Eli Fleagle, 
Win. Fleagle, 
.John Foltz, 
Peter IT. Fowble, 
John Frank, 
Frederick Frankforter, 
Daniel Frankforter. 

Joseph Gardner, 
Daniel Garrett, 
David Garrett, 
Henry Garrett, 
Edwin Garrett, 
Theodore Geiger, 
Jacob Geiman, 
Godfrey Geisart, 
Mathias Geisart, 
Jacob Gerhart, 
Edwin S. Gettier. 
Henry Gettier, 
Michael Gettier, 
John Gettier, 
Peter Gettier, 

J. Anthony Haine?, 
Francis Haines, 
Jesse Hair, 
Henry Hair, 
Nelson M. Hall, 
Gabriel Hammer, 
Jacob Hartenstein, 
George Hartly, 
Henry Hartmyer, 
Daniel I. Hauer, 
Ezra Heindell, 
George Heindell, 
Adam Henry, 
Peter Henry, 
John Herbst, 



Conrad Frankforter, 
Adam Fridinger, 
.John H. Frock, 
Christian Fullmer. 
John Furhman, 
Henry Furhman. 

G 

Peter Gettier, 
Wm. Gettinger, 
George Genter. 
Henry Glue, 
John Goris, 
Leonard Graft", 
Simon Grammer. 
Jacob Gii 
John Gnu 
Jacob Greenser, 
James W. Greenholt/, 
John Geiman, 
John A. Grimm, 
Israel Grimm, 
John Grimm. 

H 

Alexander Herbst, 
Adam Hersch, 
Jacob Hersch, 
George Hincs, 
Geo. L. Hinkle, 
George Hinkle, 
David Hiser, 
Jacob Hiser, 
Wm. Hively, 
Adam Hively, 
Jacob Hofeaker, 
Jacob H. Hofeaker, 
Jeremiah Hofeaker, 
Sam'l Hofeaker, 



Stephen Furhman, 
Henry Furhman, 
Ephraim Furhman, 
Eli Furhman, 
Sam'l P. Furhman, 
Edward Furhman. 



Daniel Groce, 

• Grogg, 
Wm. Gr< 
Wm. Grove, 
Charles Grove, 
George Grove, 
Israel Grove, 
Francis Grove, 
George Gummel, 
Jacob Gummel, 
Geo. Gummel, 
Cornelius Gunter, 
Edward Gunter, 
Geo. Gunter. 



David H. Hofeaker, 
Henry F. Hofeaker, 
John H. Hofeaker. 
Wm. Hoofman, 
Joseph Hoover, 
A. A. F. Hoppe, 
Wm. Houck, 
Jacob H. Houck, 
Henry P. Houck, 
Henry Houck, 
Edward Houck, 
Peter Houck, 
Eli Hull, 
Phillip Humbert. 



Wm. Irendrown, 
Jacob Jacobs, 

Wm. Kagle, 
Christian Kagle, 
25* 



Charles N. Jessop, 
Randolph Johns. 

K 

John Karl, 
Henrv Keller. 



Henry B. Jones, 
Hezekiah Jordan. 



Wm. Keller, 
James Kelly, 



294 



POLITICAL. 



Christian Kexel, 
George Kerchner, 
Josiah Kiinmel, 
George King, 
Godfrey Kneller, 
Frederick Kneller, 
Jacob Kneller, 
David Kneller, 
John Knipple, 

Joshua Lamott, 
John H. Lamott, 
Jacob S. Lamott, 
Thomas Lawson, 
Moses R. Lawson, 
Geo. S; Lawson, 
George Lease, 
David Lease, 
Wm. Lease, 
John Lease, 
Henry Lease, 
Wm. Lease, 
Daniel H. Leister, 

Alfred I. Marshall, 
Curtis Martin, 
John L. Masamore, 
George Masamore, 
Theodore Masamore, 
Samuel Masonmore, 
Henry Masonheimer, 
Henry Mathews, 
Jeremiah Mathias, 
Jacob Mathias, 
Edward L. Mathias, 
Sam'l Mathias, 
Henry Mathias, 
David S. Mathias, 
David Meclay, 

Wm. Nace, 



Wm. Knole, 
Amel Koelbe, 
Joshua Koontz, 
John Kopp, 
J. Alfred Kopp, 
Geo. K. Krantz, 
Geo. E. Krantz, 
Geo. S. Krantz, 
Henry Krantz, 

L 

Jesse L. Leister, 
Henry Leister, 
Jacob Leneweaver, 
Alfred Lewis, 
Henry Lightberger, 
John Linerd, 
John Linerd, 
Jacob L. Lippy, 
Jacob Lippy, 
David Lippy, 
Lewis Benjamin Lipjpy, 
Benjamin Lippy, 
Samuel Lippy, 
M 
John Meltacoat, 
Daniel Mellinger, 
Wm. Mencha, 
Jacob Mencha, 
Elias Merkle, 
Adam Merkle, 
Nicholas Metzler, 
Lewis Miller, 
Sam'l Miller, 
Jacob N. Miller, 
Joel Miller, 
Jacob Miller, 
John Miller, 
Henry H.\Miller, 



Wm. L. Krantz, 
John Krantz, 
George Kroft, 
Michael Kroft, 
Martin Kroh, 
John Kroh, 
Laurence Kugel, 
Reuben Kuhns, 



Peter Litener, 
Joseph H. Little, 
Wm. Little, 
John Lockerd, 
Lewis Lots, 
Lewis Lots, 
Wm. Lucenbaugh, 
Henry Lucenbaugh of P. 
Adam Lucenbaugh, 
Henry Lucenbaugh, 
John W. Lucenbaugh, 
Peter Lucenbaugh. 



Aaron Miller, 
Balsar Minter, 
Martin Minter, 
John Morris, 
Michael Motter, 
Jacob L. Motter, 
George Motter, 
Henry Motter, 
Elias Myerly, 
Abdial Myers, 
Eli Myers, 
P. H. S. Myers, 
Joshua Myers, 
Elias Myers, 



N 



Lewis Newbergall. 



O 



Wm. Oberman, 
John Our, 



Richard Oursler, 



Edward Oursler. 



I'OU, HOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, Ml). 






David Palmer, 
David Pane-break"!-, 
Peter Peterman, 
Beojamin Peterman, 
Ferdinand Peterman, 

.John Reading, 

• I"- ;»h Reed, 
.John Reed, 
Manassali R 
Augustus Redding, 
Andrew I. Ret 

Daniel Reese, 
John Rei 
Lewis Reighj 
Jacob Reighj 

Michael Sawble, 
George Sawble, 
John Sawble, 
Michael Seaehrist, 
Peter Sellers, 
Edward Sellers, 
Jacob B. Sellers, 
John Sellers, 
Jacob Sellers, 
Peter Sellers, 
Simon Shafer. 
David T. Shafer, 
John Shafer, 
Henry Shafer, 
Sam'l Shafer, 
Emanuel Shafer, 
Jacob Shafer, 
Jacob K. Shafer, 
Henry Shafer, 
Jacob Shafer, 
John T. Shafer, 
John Shafer, 
John Shafer, 
Jacob Shafer, 
Jacob T. Shafer, 
Daniel L. Shafer, 
Jacob Shafer, 



Andrew Pfeiffer, 
Joshna Plowman, 
Nicholas Plowman, 
John Plowman, 

R 
Henrj Reigh, 
Wm. S. Reigh, 
Thomas Reillj, 
Joseph Renshaw, 
Nicholas Revelj, 
James Kh 
John Rider j 
Joseph Rinehart, 
Daniel Rinehart. 
Peter Rinehart, 
Peter Ritter, 

s 

Charles Shafer, 
Andrew Shafer, 
Moses Shafer, 
Joseph Shanebrook, 
David Sharer, 
Jacob Sharer of J. 
Wm. Shea 
Daniel Sli 
Josiafa Sh 
Jacob Sherman, 
George Sherman, 
Daniel Sherman, 
Jesse Sherman, 
Henry Sherman. 
George Shower, 
Adam Shower, 
Theodore A. Shower, 
Jacob Shower, 
Geo. A. Shower, 
Israel Shue, 
John Shultz, 
David Shultz, 
Jesse Shultz, 
Peter Shultz, 
Richard L. Simpers, 
Daniel Snader, 
Andrew Smeack, 



Sam'l Price, 
John C. Price, 



Michael Ritter, 

k Ritter, 

Adam Rorbback, 
Kphraim Rorhback, 
Christian Roj 
John Roj 
John Ruby, 
Christian Rupp, 
David Rupj», 
Elupp. 

Smith, 

John Sneck, 
John Bneck, 

Jacob Snider, 
John A. Snider, 
P. Snider, 
Henry Snider, 
Daniel Snider, 
David A. Snider. 
John Snider. 
Theodore Sower. 
Jacob Staigner, 
George Staigner, 
Peter Staigner, 
Wm. Staigner, 
Elias Staigner, 
James Stansberry, 
Sam'l Stansberry, 
Joshua A. Stansberry, 
Richard Stansberry, 
Wm. G. Stansberry, 
Geo. C. Stansberry, 
John Stansberry, 
Joshua Stansberry, 
John A. Staven. 
Jacob Steffon, 
John Steffon. 



296 


POLITICAL. 




George S teflon, 


Geo. Stewart, 


Michael Sulliven, 


Henry Steffon, 


Daniel Stoneciford, 


Josiah Sulliven, 


Michael Steffy, 


Wm. Stoneciford, 


Uriah Sulliven, 


John N. Steffy, 


Jacob D. Stoneciford 


, Jacob Swartzbaugh, 


Henry Steffy, 


Henry B. Strewick, 


John W. Swartzbaugh, 


Henry W. Steffy, 


John Strewick, 


George Swartz, 


David Stemmel, 


John Stump, 


George Swartz 


Jacob Sterner, 


Peter Stump, 

T 

Thomas Townsend, 


Francis Syfreid. 


Harman Taste, 


Emanuel Time, 


John Thomas, 


John W. Tracy, 


John Trump, 


Lewis Thomas, 


Wm. L. Tracy, 


George Trump. 


Robert Townsend, 


Ephraim Tracy, 
U 

Daniel Utz, 
W 

Peter Warner, 




George Utz, 


Frederick Utz. 


Daniel Walker, 


John Wink, 


Wm. Walker, 


Michael Weaver, 


Geo. Wink, 


Wm. Wampler, 


David Weaver, 


Levi S. Winterode, 


John Z. Wampler, 


C. Philip Weaver, 


Henry Winter, 


George Warehime, 


George Weaver, 


Jonas Winters, 


Henry W. Warehime, 


Jacob Weaver, 


Jacob Wiond, 


Ephraim Warehime, 


John Weaver, 


David Wiond, 


Sam'l Warehime, 


Edward H. B. Weaver 


, Henry Wirts, 


Philip Warehime, 


David H. Weaver, 


Adam Wise, 


George Warehime, 


Lewis H. P. Weaver, 


Emanuel C. Wise, 


Oliver Warehime, 


Cornelius Wentz, 


Sam'l Witter, 


Henry Warehime, 


John B. Wentz, 


Emanuel Witter, 


Conrad Warehime, 


Jesse Wertz, 


Conrad Wolf, 


Manassah Warehime, 


Alexr. Whiteleather, 


Ferdinand Wolf, 


John T. Warehime, 


Ephraim Williams, 


Daniel Wolfgang, 


John Warner, 


Henry Williams, 


Amos Wolfgang, 


Melchoir Warner, 


Amos Williams, 


John Wolfgang 


Jesse Warner, 


Joseph Wilson, 


Jacob Wolfgang, 


Henry Warner, 


Abraham Wilson, 


David Wolfgapg, 


Jonas Warner, 


Henry Wilson, 


George Working, 


Jacob L. Warner, 


Michael Wilson, 


Joseph ^Vymert, 


Eli Warner, 


Henry Wine, 


Wm. Wymert. 


George Warner, 


Perry Wine, 
Y 

Henry Yingling, 




George Yagle, 


George Yingling, 


David Yingling, 


John Yingling, 


Wm. Yingling, 


George Yingling, 


Abdial Yingling, 


Samuel Yingling, 


John Yingling, 


Daniel Yingling, 


Levi Yingling, 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, Ml). 



297 



Valentine Yost, 
Philip Yost, 
Jacob L. Yost, 

John Zapf, 
George Zepp, 

George Zepp, 
George Zepp, 
Win. Zepp, 



Philip Yost, 
Frederick Yost, 
Frederick Yost, 

Z 

Henry Zepp, 

Sam'l Zepp, 
Emanuel Zepp, 
Barnabas Zepp, 



Philip reel, Jr. 

David W. Young. 



John K. Zimmerman, 
.Jacob Zimmerman, 
Fred'k Zimmerman, 
Henry Zimmerman. 



DISTRICT No. 7. OR WESTMINSTER. 



Lebbeus Ault, 



Ferdinand Await. 



D 



Henry Baile, 
Win. Baker, 
John P. Baker, 
John Baker, 
Henry Baltsly, 
Owen Banker t, 
Jacob Bankert, 
Thomas Bankert, 
John Bankert, 
Alfred II. Barnes, 
Nimrod II. Barnes, 
Washington Barnes, 
Michael Barnitz, 
Daniel Baumgartner, 
Sam'l Baumgartner, 
Dan'l J. Baumgartner 
Lewis Baumgartner, 
John J. Baumgartner, 
Michael Baughman, 
Wm. Baughman. 
John Beard, 
Charles Beard, 
Wm. Beaver, 
Jacob Beaver, 



Oliver Beaver, 
Win. II. Bell, 
Richard Biggs, 
.John Biggs, 
Joel Bish, 
Wm. Bish, 
Alfred Bish, 
Elias Bixler, 
John Bixler, 
John Black, 
Granville Black, 
Zacharia Blizzard, 
Joel Blizzard, 
John Blizzard, 
James Blizzard, 
, Win. Blizzard, 
Richard R. Booth, 
Reuben Bowers, 
John Bowen, 
John Bowers, 
John B. Boyle, 
Chas. Brant, 
Daniel Brenaman, 



Sam'l Brickell, 
Wm. B. Brown, 
Andrew J. Brown, 
B. R. Brown, 
Francis Brothers, 
Solomon Brothers, 
John Brown, 
Henry Brown, 
John Buckingham, 
Yachel Buckingham, 
David Burns, 
.John Burns, 
Wm. Burns, 
Daniel Burns, 
John R. Busby, 
Alexander Busby, 
Abraham Busby, 
Joshua Byers, 
Wm. G. Byers, 
Michael Byers, 
Daniel Byers, 
David II. Byers, 
John Byers. 



Frederick Cahil, 
J. G. Capits, 
Samuel Car, 
James Car, 



David Cassell, 
Reuben Cassell, 
Abraham Cassell, 
Jacob Cassell, 



Powell Chicard, 
Samuel Choate, 
Alfred Christ, 
John H. Clark, 



298 



POLITICAL. 



Larkin Clark, 
Philip Clarey, 
Robert Clendening, 
David Cockrane, 
Frederick Coltrider, 
Thomas Comegys, 
Henry Commings, 
Edward Commings, 
Christopher Commings, 

David W. Danner, 
Benjamin Davis, 
John Day hoof, Jr., 
Ira Deatz, 
Christopher Deatz, 
Upton Decker, 
John T. Diffenbaugh, 
Henry Diffenbaugh, 

Thomas E. Eck, 
Jesse Ecker, 
Sam'l Eichelberger, 
John Englar, 
David Englar, 

James Finnegan, 
John Fisher, 
Jacob Fisher, 
Jacob Fisher, 
Wm. Fisher, 
Joseph Fites, 
George Fitz, 
Absalom Foreman, 
Sam'l Foreman, 
Isaac Forest, 
John C. Forrester, 
George Forsythe, 

Theodore Gallandet, 
Flinn Gardner, 
Edward Geehan, 
Denton Gehr, 
Joseph Geiman, 
Daniel J. Geiman, 



George W. Cook, 
Joshua Corbin, 
E. F. Crout, 
Christopher Crouse, 
Wm. Crouse, 
John Crouse, 
Ira E. Crouse, 
Nimrod Crouse, 
Rufus Crouse, 

D 

John R. Dell, 
Henry Ditman, 
Edward Devilbiss, 
Sam'l Devilbiss, 
Geo. W. Dobbin, 
Edward Dymock, 
Nicholas Dorsey, 
Henry Durbin, 

E 

Adam Essie, 
Levi Evans, 
Wm. Evans, 
Philip Everhart, 
David Everly, 

F 

George S. Fouke, 
Solomon A. Foutz, 
George Fowler, Sr., 
Edward Fowler, 
Benjamin Fowler, 
George Fowler, Jr., 
Andrew F. Fowler, 
Edward Fowler, Jr., 
Lewis Fowler, 
Richard Fowler, 
Wm. Fowler, 
Dominick Fowler, 

G 

David Geiman, 
Jeremiah Geiman, 
Cornelius George, 
Wm. H. Gernand, 
Emanuel Gernand, 
Nelson Gilbert, 



John Crouse, Jr., 
Geo. A. Crouse, 
David Crowl, 
George Crowl, 
Henry Crowl, 
Josiah Crowl, 
Elias Crowl, 
George Crowl, Sr. 



George W. Durbin, 
Washington Durbin, 
Andrew R. Durbin, 
Nicholas Durbin, 
Thomas Durbin, 
Reuben Dowling, 
Thomas Doyle, 
James Doyle. 

Joseph Everly, 
John Everhart, 
John Everhart, 
George Everhart, 
Sam'l P. Everhart. 



Francis 0. Franklin, 
John Freitz, 
Joseph Freeman, 
George A. Fringer, 
Jacob Fringer, 
John C. Frizzle, 
Richard Frizzle, 
J. Henry Frock, 
Michael Frock, 
Peter A. Frock, 
John Frounfelter. 



Adam Gilbert, 
Joseph Gilbert, 
Thomas B. Gist, 
Mordecai Gist, 
Sam'l M. Gist, 
Thomas Goodwin, 



POLL BOOKS OF CAKKOLL COUNTY, ML. 



299 



Daniel Goodwin, 
Nathan J. Gorsuch, 
George Gonger, 
Alfred Grace, 
Andrew Grace, 

Jacob Haase, 
Joseph Haines, 
Chas. Haines, 
George L. Haines, 
Singleton Haines, 
Levi Handley, 
Joseph Harman, 
John Harman, 
George Harman, 
Wm. H. Harman, 
Samuel Hawn, 



Jacob Grove, 
James C. Graham, 
Henry B. Grammer, 
Wm. H. Grammer, 
John Greenholtz, 
H 

Jacob Hawn, 
Ambrose Hayden, 
Wm. N. Hayden, 
Basil Hayden, 
John Hcagy, 
John Heltebridle, 
Ludwich Hclwig, 
Chas. Henneman, 
Geo. Henry, 
David Henry, 
Michael Henry, 
.1 



Wm. II. Grumbine, 
John C. Grumbine, 
Wm. Grumbine, 
Wm. Grumbine. 



Jacob Henry, 
Nicholas Henry, 
Dr. J. W. Herring, 
Abraham L. Ilcsson, 
Flinn Holmes, 
Jacob Holmes, 
Thomas Hooper, 
J. Henry Hoppe, 
Josephus Hoppe, 
Elias W. Horner, 
John Hush. 



Edward Jones, 



James Jordan. 



K 



Win. Kecfer, 
James Kecfer, 
Stephen Keesc, 
Philip Keller, 
Jacob Knight, 
John N. Knight, 

Wm. Lampert, 
Caleb Lane, 
Wm. Lawyer, 
Sam'l Lawyer, 
George Lease, 
Jacob Leister, 
Jacob G. Leister, 
Zephania Leister, 
Isaiah Leister, 
David Leister, 

George Mahanna, 
John Malatubre, 
Andrew J. Malehorn, 
John Malehorn, 
Peter Manahan, 
Levi Manahan, 



John W. Knight, 
Jacob Knipple, 
Wm. Koontz, 
David Koontz, 
Robert Kerby, 



George Lippy, 
Andrew Little, 
Alexander Little, 
Amos Little, 
Joshua Lockerd, 
Thomas C. Lockerd, 
Joshua Logue, 
Francis Logue, 
John Logue, 
Joshua Logue, 

M 

Nelson Manning, 
Jesse Manning, 
Richard Manning, 
Wm. Manning, 
Richard Marsh, 
John Marsh, 



George Kernan, 
Wm. Kester, 
John Kuhn, 
David Kuhn, 
Isaac Kuhn. 



Perry Logue, 
Richard Logue, 
Abraham Long, 
John K. Longwell, 
Elias Loveall, 
Michael Lynch, 
Thomas Lynch, 
Michael Lynch, Jr., 
Michael Lynch, of Jno. 
Edward Lynch. 

Joseph Mathias, 
Francis Mathias, 
Wm. A. Mathias, 
Lewis H. Mathias, 
J. D. McAllen, 
John McClelland, 



300 



POLITICAL. 



Wm. H. McColluni, 
Alexander Mcintosh, 
Wm. F. McKenny, 
Wm. McKensey, 
Barnabas Menkee, 
George T. Merring, 
George Miller, 
Henry Miller, 
Jacob Miller, 
Lewis Miller, 
Wm. Miller, 
James Miller, 
John Miller, 
Andrew Miller, 

Abner Neal, 

Hanson T. Nicodemus, 



Edmund O'Brien, 
Wm. Ockerman, 
Sam'l G. Ogg, 
Richard Orlett, 
David Orendorff, 
Wm. H. Orendorff, 

Joseph M. Parke, 
George W. Plowman, 
Jacob Pouder, 



George Ramby, 
Jacob Ranoull, 
James Raymond, 
John F. Reese, 
Wm. Reese, 
Andrew Reese, 
Jacob Reese, 

Samuel Sawble, 
Michael Sawble, 
Emanuel Sawble, 
Anthony Schneider, 



Jacob Miller, 
Jeorge W. Miller, 
Henry Mitten, 
Noah Mitten, 
John Mitten, 
Daniel Mitten, 
Nelson Mitten, 
Augustus Mitten, 
Henry G. Mitten, 
Wm. G. Mitten, 
Henry Monothan, 
Wm. Morelock, 
Michael Morelock, 
Henry E. Morelock, 

N 

George Noel, 
Emanuel Noel, 

O 

Francis H. Orendorff, 
Joseph H. Orendorff, 
John Orendorff, 
Josephus Orendorff, 
George Orendorff, 
John Otts, 

P 

Isaac Pouder, 
John D. Powder, 

Q 

John H. Quatman, 

R 
Edwin Reese, 
Jacob Reese, 
Wm. Reese, 
Jesse Reifsnider, 
David Reigle, 
Henry B. Reigle, 
Jacob Rider, 

S 
Jesse Schweigart, 
David Seachrist, 
David Sentz, 
Charles Sentz, 



Wm. H. Mourer, 
Henry Mourer, 
Mathias Mumert, 
John Murphy, 
John S. Murray, 
John Munger, 
Wm. Myerly, 
Solomon Myerly, 
Jesse Myerly, 
Jacob Myerly, 
Andrew Myerly, 
Jacob Myerly, 
Sam'l L. Myers, 
Lewis Myers. 



H. L. Norris, 
Sam'l L. Null. 



Wm. Oursler, Jr,, 
Wm. Oursler, Sr., 
Jonathan M. Owings, 
George W. Owings, 
David A. Owings. 



Wm. Powell, 
Horatius Price. 



Ira Ridgely, 
Jeremiah Robinson, 
John Robinson, 
Ezra Roop, 
John Roop, 
Henry Routzahn, 
John Rung. 

George Shade, 
John F. Shade, 
Jacob Shaffer, 
Abraham Shaffer, 



POLL BOOKS OF CABBOLL COUNTT, MD. 



301 



Joahna Shaffer, 
Jacob Shaffer, 

Joseph Shaffer, 

Jacob Shaffer i 
George Shaffer, 
John Shaffer, 
Lewis Shaffer, 
Amos Shaffer, 
No ali Shaffer, 
Daniel Shaffer, 
Nicholas Shaffer, 
Joseph Shanebrooke, 
.Joseph Sharer, 
Asbury F. Sharer, 
Joseph Shaw, 
Ferdinand Shean, 
George Sheets, 
Peter A. Shew, 
Wm. P. Shilling, 
Joshua S. Shipley, 
George W. Shipley, 
Otho Shipley, 
Robert T. Shipley, 
Samuel Shipley, 
Francis Shipley, 
George W. Shipley, 
Columbus Shipley, 
Joseph Shrceve. 
Wm. Shreeve, 
Levi Shreeve, 
Henry Shreeve, 



George Taney, 
Henry Thomas, 
Sam'l Trone, 
Adam Trone, 



Frederick Wagner, 
George Wagner, 
Jacob Wagner, 
Elijah Wagner, 
Henry A. Wampler, 



Francis Shiver, 
Augustus Sbrii 
Luther M. Shir 
George W. Shri 
David Sh river, 
A. F. 8 h river, 
John Shrumm, 
Xoah Slagle, 

r Slagle, 
Jeremiah Slorp, 
Noah Smeack, 
David Smeack, 
Wm. Smith, 
Uriah P. Smith, 
Joshua Smith, 
John Smith, 
John E. Smith, 
Andrew J. Smith, 
Jacob Smith, 

8 mith, 
John Smith. 
George Snider, 
Levi Snider, 
Jacob Snider, 
Jacob Sni 
Kanan Sprenkle, 
Wm. Stanaben 
Kufus Stepline, 
Nicholas Stepline, 
Kufus Sterner, 
Wm. II. Sterner, 



Nathan Sterner, 
: : Sterner, 
Jacob Sterner, 
George Sterner, 
Nimrod Stever. - 
Joshua Sfc 
Thorn 

Daniel Stone, 
ne, 
.John Stone, 

- 
.lac 

Henry Stoneail 
Sam'l Stoneaifer, 
Dennis Stonesi: 
John Stonesifer, 
Joseph Stoneaifer, 
S 

ugh, 
Wm. Struth, 
nth, 
b Stuller, 
John Stuller, 
Daniel Stuller, 
John li. Soma 
Sullivan, 
Sullivan, 

i Sullivan, 
John H. Swartzbaugh, 
Joseph Swineman, 
Sam'l L. Swormstead. 



T 




Jacob Trone, 


Wm. Turfle, 


Alfred Troxell, 


Henry Turtle, 


Lewis C. Trumbo, 


Philip Turfle, 


Lewis Trumbo, 


Joseph Turfle. 


U 




Adam Unger. 




w 





Francis A. Wampler, 
James Wampler, 
Sam'l Wampler, 
John T. Wampler, 
Lewis Wampler, 



Wm. A. Wampler, 
George E. Wampler, 
Lycurgus Wampler, 
George Wantz, 
Jacob Wantz, 






26 



302 



POLITICAL. 



John Warehime, 
George Warehiine, 
Jesse L. Warfield, 
Henry Warner, 
Wm. W. Warner, 
David Weaver, 
George Weaver, 
Greenb'y W. Weaver, 
Michael G. Webster, 
Chas. W. Webster, 
George Webster, 
Andrew Wenner, 

Wm. Yeates, 
Andrew J. Yingling, 
John Yingling, Sr., 
Richard Yingling, 
Ephraim Yingling, 
Michael Yingling, 
Jesse Yingling, 

Jacob Zacharias, 
Conrad Zacharias, 
Henry Zahn, 
Frederick Zahn, 
John Zahn, 



George Welk, 
Valentine C. Wentz, 
David Wentz, 
David Wentz, 
Sam'l Wentz, 
David Wentz, 
John C. Wentz, 
Yalentine Wentz, 
John Wepler, 
J. T. M. Wharton, 
James White, 
Adam Wiles, 

Y 

Wm. Yingling, 
Josephus H. Yingling, 
John M. Yingling, 
Jeremiah Yingling, 
Joshua Yingling, 
John Yingling, 
John H. Yingling, 

Z 

Israel Zeber, 
Peter Zepp, 
David Zepp, 
Lawrence Zepp, 
Emanuel Zepp, 



Sam'l Willhide, 
Wm. Williams, 
John Williams, 
Jacob Wimert, 
Washington Wimert, 
Airhart Winters, 
John Wise, 
Henry Wolf, 
John Wolf, 
Joseph Woods, 
Rufus Woods. 



Wm. Yingling, 
Sylvester Yingling, 
Elias Yingling, 
Benjamin Yingling, 
John Young, 
Sam'l Young, 
Jacob Young. 

Solomon Zepp, 
Leonard Zile, 
Jesse Zile, 
John Zite. 



DISTRICT No. 8, OR HAMPSTEAD. 



Wm. Abbott, 
John Alban, 
George Alban, 
Joseph Alban, 
Noah Alban, 

Wm. Bachman, 
Ephraim Becker, 
Leonard Belt, 
Jackson Belt, 
Wm. Beltz, 
Wm. Bentz, 
Josiah Bixler, 



A 

Elin Alban, 
Wm. Alban, 
Henry Alban, 
Joshua Allgire, 
Nicholas Allgire, 

B 

John M. Bobbits, 
Wm. Bobbits, 
Valentine Bollinger, 
Conrad Boltz, 
Michael Bookman, 
Abraham Bookman, 
Jacob Bookman, 



Melchoir Allgire, 
Azariah Arbaugh, 
Conrad Arbaugh, 
Joseph Armacost, 
Melchoir Armacost. 

Jacob Bookman, Jr. 
David Booze, 
Henry Booze, 
John Booze, 
James Bosley, 
George W. Brown, 
Jesse Brown, 



FOI.L liOOKS 01' CARROLL COUNTY, MO. 



303 



Noah Brown, 
Resin Brown, 
Joseph Brummel, 
Joseph Brummel, Sr. 

James Campbell, 
Joel Carcker, 
John B. Chenowith, 
John Coken, 
Edwin J. Coltrider, 
Jeremiah Coltrider, 

John Davidson, 
Charles S. Davis, 
.lames Davis, 

Adam Ebaugh, 
Daniel Ebaugh, 
Jereiniah Ebaugh, 
Jerome Ebaugh, 
David Ebaugh, 

Richard Face, 
Asbur}' Fish paw, 
George Foster, 
Henry Fowble, 
David Fowble, 
Wm. I. Fowble, 

James Gettinger, 
Stephen Gill, 
Jetson L. Gill, 
Elisha Goodsvin, 
John Greene, 

Wm. T. Hammond, 
Wm. Hare, 
Geo. H. Hare. 
Amos Harris, 
Elexius Harris, 
Michael Harris. 
Melchoir Harris, 
Richard Harris, 
Richard Harris, 



Adolphus Brummel, 
David Brummel, 
Elisha Brummel, 
Henry Z. Bucher, 

C 
Jacob Coltrider, 
George Coltrider, 
Jacob Coltrider, 
James Coltrider, 
Joshua F. Coltrider. 

D 

John Day hoof, 
Sam'l Day hoof, 
Jonas Deal, 

E 

Emanuel Ebaugh, 
Jesse Ebaugh. 
Noah Ebaugh, 
Wm. Ebaugh, 
Zacharia Ebaugh, 

r 

Erasmus Fowble, 
Conrad Fowble, 
George Fowble, 
Alexander Fowble, 
Wm. Fowble, 
Lewis Fowble, 

G 
Isaac Greene, 
Francis M. Greene, 
Lewis Greene, 
Isaac Greene, Sr. 
Isaac Greene, Jr. 

H 

John Harris, 
Jehu Harris, 
John Heiner, 
Jacob HeustofHe, 
John Hildebrand, 
Xoab Hildebrand, 
Jacob Hildebrand, 
Jacob Hildebrand, 
Isaac Hoffman. 



Xoah Bucher, 

- Bucher, 

David Burns. 



David Coppersmith, 
William Corbin, 
Melchoir Cox, 
Daniel Cox, 
Robert C. Crooks. 



John W. Derr, 
Jonas Derr, 
Hanson M. Drach. 



Joseph Ebaugh, 
John Eberg, 
Frederick I 
Henry Eberg, 
Jacob Eli. 



John H. Frank, 

Jacob Frankfei 
Christian Frick, 
Jacob A. Frick, 
Jacob Fringer, 
Wm. Fritz. 

Henry Groce, 
George Groce, 
Peter Groce, 
George Groce, Jr. 
Washington Gwynn. 

Daniel L. Hoover, 
Daniel Hoover, Sr. 
John L. Hoover, 
George Horner, 
Elias Houck, 
Wm. I. Houck, 
Wm. Houck, 
D. W. Houck, 
Henrv Houck, 



304 


POLITICAL. 




John Houck, 


Nicholas Houck, 


David Houck. 


Geo. Houck of W. 


George Houck, 
J 

Wm, Jones. 










K 




Jacob Kealbaugh, 


John Kealbaugh, 


John Kelly, 


John Kealbaugh, 


Henry H. Keller, 


Leonard Kritzer. 


Henry Kealbaugh, 


Patrick Kelly, 
L 




John Lamott, 


Conrad Lenhart, 


Philip Loudenslagle, 


Jacob Lamott, 


Jabez Leppo, 


Wm. Loudenslagle, 


Andrew J. Lampert, 


Jacob Leppo, 


John Loveall, 


George W. Lampert, 


Jacob M. Leppo, 


David J. Lowe, 


Martin L. Lawson, 


Joseph Leppy, 


Nicholas Long, 


Nathaniel Leister, 


Daniel Long, 
M 
Samuel Miller, 


George Lynch. 


James Marshall, 


Ephraim Murray, 


Levi J. Martin, 


Jacob Miller, 


Wheeler Murray, 


Colin MeKensie, 


Richard H. Miller, 


John W. Murray, 


Peter Miller, 


Henry Miller, 


David Musselman, 


Michael Miller, 


John Miller, 


George E. Myers, 


Joseph Miller, 


Isaac Minckey, 

N 
Daniel Null, 


Alexander Myers. 


Henry Nafe, 


Sam'l Nunemaker. 


Absalom Null, 


O 

Smallwood Oren. 

P 
Frederick Poolman, 




Frederiek Prechtell, 


Henry W. Ports, 


Charles Patterson, 


John W. Ports, 


John Powder, 


John Payne, 


George Ports, 


Amon Price. 


Amon Plowman, 


R 




Otho Renshaw, 


George Richards, Sr. 


John Roop, 


Jacob Richards, 


John Rill, 


Thomas Rote, 


David Richards, 


Leonard Rill, 


Samuel Ruby, 


John C. Richards, 


Henry Rinehart, 


Valentine Ruby, 


Charles Richards, 


George Rinehart, 


Lloyd Ruby, 


Daniel Richards, 


Wm. Rineman, 


James Ruby, 


George Richards, Jr. 


Jacob Rineman, 


Henry Ruby, 


David Richards, 


David Rineman, 


George Ruby. 


Richard Richards, 







POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, ML). 



305 



Solomon Sent/, 
John F. Shafer, 
Andrew Shafer, 
Jacob Shafer, 
John Shafer, 
Wm. Shafer, 
Philip Shafer, 
David Shafer, 
Henry Shafer, 
Adam Shafer, 
Moses Shafer, 
Daniel Shaner, 
John Shaner, 
Peter Shaner, 

Henry Tasto, 
John H. Taylor, 
Albert Thompson, 



e 

John Henry Shaub, 
George Sherman, 
Absalom Shipley, 
"William Shubgagle, 
James L. Shugars, 
Frederick Shultz, 
George Simpert, 
George Single, 
J. Franklin Smith, 
Peter B. Smith, 
Jeremiah H. Smith, 
Conrad Snell, 
Jacob Snyder, 
Sam'l Snyder, 

T 

John Tipton, 
Thomas Tipton, 
Benjamin Tipton, 

U 



Andrew Snyder, 
Michael Snyder, 
Michael Snyder, 
Calvin Stansberry, 
Henry Stansberry, 
Micajah Stansberry, 
Josiah Stocksdale, 
Aaron Stocksdale, 
Noah Stocksdale, 
Sam'l Stone, 
John Strickling, 
Joshua Strickling, 
Francis Sullivan, 
John Sweitzer. 



John Trine, 
Jacob Turner. 



Samuel Ulrick, 



David Utz. 



John "Warehime, 
John Weaver, 
Wm. Weekly, 
Thomas W. Wells, 



w 

John Wilhelm, 
Joseph Wink, 
George Wink, 
Wm. S. Wooden, 
Y 
Jacob Tingling, 



Lewis Wooden, 
Granville Woodron, 
Henry Wvman. 



Henry Zepp, 



Adam Zimmerman. 



DISTRICT No. 9, OR FRANKLIN. 



Abraham Albaugh, 
Thomas Albert, 

Andrew Baer, 
George Baer, 
Francis Baker, 
George W. Baker. 
Sam'l Baker, 
26* 



Samuel Albert, 
Andrew Alexander, 

B 

Wm. H. Barnes, 
Thomas A. Barnes, 
Wm. H. Barnes, 
Adam Barnes, 
Levi T. Barnes, 



Samuel Ashton, 
Thomas R. Ashton. 



Robert S. Barnes, 
George J. Batson, 
Jesse Bear, 
Hammond Becraft, 
Thomas M. Belleson, 



306 



POLITICAL. 



Wm. Belleson, 
Lloyd Bennett, 
Benjamin Bennett, 
Levi T. Bennett, 
Wm. Bingham, 
Henry Bloom, 
David Bloom, 
Adam Bloom, 
Sebastian Bowers, 
Aquilla Bowers, 



Conrad Bowers, 
F. W. Bowham, 
Zacharia Brashear, 
Gassaway Brashear, 
Elias Brashear, 
Cornelius Brashear, 
Henry Brown, 
Job Brown, 
David Buckingham, 
Larkin Buckingham, 



Sani'l Buckingham, 
Beal Buckingham, 
JN'imrod Buckingham, 
Otho W. Burditt, 
Wilton Burditt, 
Thomas Burns, 
Randolph Bussard, 
Milton B. S. Bussard, 
Frederick Byers. 



John Cain, 
Wm. Carr, 
Charles Chaney, 
George W. Chase, Jr. 
George W. Chase, 
Sam'l E. Clagett, 
Nicholas Clarey, 
Benedict Clarey, 



Robert Dade, 
John Danner, 
Plummer Davis, 
Henry S. Davis, 
Sam'l G. Davis, 
Francis J. Davis, 
George H. Davis, 
John B. Davis, 
Eli Davis, 



John W. Cockran, 
Enoch Collisen, 
Upton Condon, 
Levi B. Condon, 
Thomas Condon, 
Isaac Cook, 
Ephraim Cook, 
Jesse W. Cook, 

D 

Amos Davis, 
Wm. Davis, 
John T. Day, 
John Dell, 
Mathew Denning, 
Chas. Denning, 
Roderick Dorsey, 
Upton L. Dorsey, 
Gustavus Dorsey, 



Henry Cover, 
Josiah Cover, 
Evan L. Crawford, 
Francis J. Crawford, 
George C. Crisswell, 
James W. Crisswell, 
John W. Crisswell, 
Thomas Cushing. 



Levi Dorsey, 
Otho R. Dorsey, 
Dennis Douty, 
James Douty, 
George Downey, 
Dennis Dudderer, 
John C. Duvall, 
Lloyd R. Duvall, 
Thomas B. Duvall. 



Wm. T. Easton, 
John Elgin, 



Sam'l Elgin, 
Sam'l Elgin, 



Joseph Evans, 
Henry W. Evans. 



Jacob Fanwell, 
Robert Farver, 
Jacob Farver, 
Wm. L. I. Farver, 
Thomas Faucit, 
Isaac D. Fleagle, 
Wm. Flemming, 
Charles T. Flemming, 



Samuel Fogle, 
Charles Franklin, 
Charles W. Franklin, 
Nathan Franklin, 
Resin Franklin, 
Joshua Franklin, 
John T. Franklin, 
Thomas B. Franklin, 



Henry Franklin, 
Thomas B. Franklin, 
Henry D. Franklin, 
Wm. H. Franklin, 
Jesse Frizzle, 
James Frizzle, 
Leonard Frizzle, 
Wm. Frizzle. 



I'OU, BOOKS OP CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 



307 



Edward Gatril, 
Edward a. Gilbert, 

ph II. Oilliss, 
.Joshua 0. I 
Henry Goodwin, 
Benjamin Gorsnch, 
Robert J). Gorsnch, 
Stephen Gorsuch, 

Pilkington Haifly, 
Jacob Haines, 
John T. Haines, 
David Haines, 
Daniel Haines, 
Abraham Haines, 
Jesse Ilaii 
Tobias Haines, 
Vaehel Hammond, 
George W. Harkly, 
James Hark, 



Cx 

Win. EL Gosnell, 
m< II, 

Nathan W. G< snell, 
Wm, Gosnell, 
Ambrose Gosnell, 
Levin A. Gosnell, 
Beal Gosnell, 

H 

Nimrod Harrison, 

John Harrison. 
\N' sley Harrison, 
Benjamin Hatfield, 
Josiah Hatfield, 
Angnstns Hattield, 
Daniel Hatfield, 
Reuben Henry, 
Benjamin Hipsley, 
Nicholas Hilt, 



Wm. H. Grafflin, 

:i\vood, 
Abraham Greenwood, 
Dennis Grimes, 
Basil Grimes, 
Wm. P. Grimes, 
Wm. Gunn. 



Bam'l F. Hood, 
John I! 
James Hood, 
Thomas Hood, 
John Hoofman, 
Wm. II. Hooker, 
Win. Hornwood, 
Thomas Horton, 
Ovalanus II 
Dennis 



Thomas G. Kelly, 

Jesse C. Kiler, 



Ephriam Lindsey, 
Lewis Lindsey, 
Frederick Linthecum, 
George Little, 

Charlton Malwix, 

Wm. Nail, 

Thomas B. Owings, 



Benjamin Penn, 
Eden Penn, 
John Penn, 
John Penn, 



Jesse Jarrett. 
K 
Ignatius Knight, 
Lawrence Knight, 

L 

Jacob 11. Little. 
Andrew Long, 
Abraham Long. 



Frederick Koontz, 
John T. Koontz. 



Wm. Low man, 
Perry G. Lowman, 
Jacob Lugenbeel. 



M 

James McQuay. 

N 

Jacob Nusbaum 

O 
Gustavus Owings, 

P 
Stephen Penn, 
John Perkins, Sr. 
John Perkins, Jr. 
Charles Pickett. 



Jacob Mentzer. 



Joshua Owings. 

Wm. W. Pickett, 
Ezekiel Pickett, 
Wesley Pickett, 
Charles R. Pickett, 



308 


POLITICAL. 




Aquilla Pickett, 


Salmon Poole, 


Thomas B. Porter, 


Israel Pickett, 


J. T. W. Poole, 


James Porter, 


Jonathan Plane, 


Washington Porter, 


Thomas C. Porter, 


Henry Poole, 


Alexander Porter, 

R 
Sam'i Runkles, 


Elisha Proof. 


Lloyd Ramsower, 


Robert Russell. 


George W. Regie, 


Upton Runkles, 

S 
Wm. H. Sier, 




John Sadler, 


Joshua Smith, 


Lloyd Sellman, 


Andrew Skidmore, 


Eli Smith, 


Joshua Sellman, 


James Skidmore, 


Theodore Snider, 


John T. B. Sellman, 


Perry Skidmore, 


John Snider, 


John A. Sellman, 


Samuel Smith, 


John A. Snider, 


Joshua W. Sellman, 


Richard Smith, 


Bennett Spurrier, 


Wm. N. Sellman, 


Washington Smith, 


Sam'l Spurrier, 


Benjamin Shanetts, 


Charles A. Smith, 


Joseph Spurrier, 


Roderick Shipley, 


J. Thomas Smith, 


Wm. R. Steele, 


Dennis Shipley, 


Wm. Smith, 


Valentine Stoutz, 


Henry Shugle, 


Adam N. Smith, 


Francis A. Switzer. 


Micajah Sier, 


T 




Joseph Tenet, 


Wm. Todd, 

W 


Thomas W. Tucker. 


Asa Ward, 


S. R. Watkins, Jr. 


Richard T. Williams, 


Horatius Warfield, 


Abraham Williams, 


Wm. P. Williams, 


Joshua Warfield, 


Jesse N. Williams, 

Y 
John Young, 

Z 
Wm. Zepp, 


Perry Wilt. 


Wm. Yahn, 


John T. Young. 


Solomon Zepp, 


David Zile, 


John Zepp, 


Pressy Zepp, 


Jacob Zumbrum. 


Benjamin C. Zepp, 


Lewis C. Zile, 





DISTRICT No. 10, OR MIDDLEBURG. 



Wm. Adlum, 
Thomas S. Allison, 
Joshua Anders, 
John Anders, 
Uriah Angel, 



John W. Angel, 
George Angel, Sr., 
John Angel, 
Sam'l Angel, 
John Angel, 



John Angel, Jr., 
Charles Angel, 
Charles Angel, Jr., 
Aloysius Althoof, 
Joseph Arnold. 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COC.VTT, MD. 



309 



Aloysius Baker, 
David Baughman, 
Win. Baumgartner, 
Solomon Bettinger, 
David Biehl, Jr., 
George F. Biehl, 
Franklin Bietzel, 

Francis Carmack, 
Win. Carmack, 
Wm. Cash, 
Hanson T. Clabaugh, 
Jacob Guts, 
J os i ah Chits, 

Joseph Davis, 
Wm. Davis, 
Jacob Day hoof, 
Elias Dayhoof, 
Joseph Dayhoof, 
John Delaplane, 

Wm. Ebbert, 
Sam'l Ely, 

Thomas Fancy, 
John Feeser, 
Sam'l Feeser, 
Washington Feeser, 

John Garnar, 
Martin Garrer, 

Henry Hahn, 
Edward H. Haines, 
David Haines, 
Lewis Haines, 
Mathiaa Hann. 
Philip X. Hann, 
Lewis Hann, 
Hugh Hann, 



B 

Joseph Biggs, 
John Bishop, 
David EL Bowers, 
David Bow 
Stephen Bowers, 
John D. Bowman, 

C 

Edward Collins, 

b Coppersmith, 
Jacob Cover, 
John M. (.'■ 
John Cover, 
Ephraim Cover, 

D 

Edmund Delaplane, 
John Delphy, 

Isaac Dern, 
Frederick Dern, 

E 

Saml Eyler, 
Perry Eyler, 

F 

Emanuel F< 
Jacob Forney, 
Richard France, 

G 

Israel Galwick, 
J. W.Gilbert, 

H 
Jacob Hann, 
Isaiah Hann, 
Jesse Hann, 
George Hape, 
David Hape, 
Sam'l Harman, 
Benjamin Harman, 

I 
James Ickes. 



Ephraim Buffington, 
Abraham Buffington, 
David Bultington, 
Jacob Buffington, 
Wm. H. Buffington, 
Isaac Buffington, 
Lewis Byerly. 

Thomas Cover, 

D Crabbs, 

Hanson Crabbs, 

■ 
Wm. Crumbecker, 
John Crumbecker. 



George Dern, 
Peter Dieffendal, 
John Dieffendal, 
Sam'l Dieffendal! 

Sam'l Drover. 



Michael Evler. 



Wm. Frock. 
Felix I 

Sam'l Fuss. 



Dennis Graff, 
John F. Gunder. 



Daniel Harman, 
Sam'l Heiner, 
John Hess. 
John Hess, Sr., 
Ephraim Hiteshew, 
Ephraim Hiteshew, 
Thomas Hook. 



310 



POLITICAL. 



Sam'l Johnson, 



Wm. H. Keefer, 
David Keiltholtz, 
Peter Koons, 
Eli Koons, 



K 



David L. Koons, 
George Koons, 
Nicholas Koons, 



David Jones. 

Win. W. Koons, 
John Koons, 
Albert Koons. 



Robert Landers, John Little, 

Dr. John E. Liggett, Joseph Lynn, 

M 



John A. Mackley, 
Michael Mackley, 
David Mackley, 
Jacob Mackley, 
Dr. Wm. Martin, 
John P. McAllister, 
John McKinney, 

Jacob Nipple, 

Porter Otto, 
Sam'l Otto, 

Josiah Parish, 
Noah Pennington, 

Chas. Reck, 
Jeremiah Reck, 
Henry Reck, 
George Reifsnider, 



John McKonkey, 
George W. McKonkey, 
George Merring, 
Dixon Merring, 
George Merring, 
George Mort, 
Ephraim Mort, 

N 
George Nort, 

O 
Wm. C. Otto, 
Evan C. Otto, 

P 

John Pettinger, 
Jacob Pettinger, 

R 

Wm. H. Reifsnider, 
David Reifsnider, 
John Renner, 
James L. Ridgely, 



Sam'l Lynn, 
Daniel Lynn. 



David Mort, 
George Mort, 
Joshua Mort, 
Adam Morter, 
Christian Mummy, 
Joseph Myers. 



Abraham Null. 
Daniel Otto. 

Benjamin Pool. 



Adolphus Rodgers, 
Joseph Roop, 
John Root. 



Upton Scott, 
Chas. Scott, 
Wm. Seachrist, 
Daniel Sell, 
Daniel Sell, 
Henry Seller, 
Jacob Sheretz, 
Frederick Shoemaker, 
Joseph Shorb, 



James L. Shriner, 
Sam'l Shriner, 
David Shriver, 
Daniel Shunk, 
John Shunk, 
Benjamin Shunk, 
Uriah Six, 
Henry Six, 
John Six, n 



Alendigo Slick, 
John Shook, 
John Snider, 
Emanuel Stary, 
Daniel Staub, 
John Staumbaugh, 
Sam'l StaumbaUgh, 
David Stem, 
Alhanny Stem, 



POLL LOOKS OF CAKROLL COUNTY, MO. 



311 



Solomon Stilulv, 
Daniel Stoner, 



John Warner, 
David Warner, 
Jacob Warner, 
Emanuel Warner 
John White, 
James White, 



Daniel Stone, 
Abraham Stultz, 

w 

Jacob Willhide, 
Isaac Willhide, 
Reuben Willhide, 
Jacob Wilson, 
John Wilson, 



John Switzer. 



David Wilson, 
John Winemeller, 
George Winters, 
Joseph Witmore, 
Upton F. Wolf. 



Abraham L. Zentz, 



John Zimmerman. 



DISTRICT No. 11. OK NEW WINDSOR. 






John Albaugh, 
George P. Albaugh, 
Resin Albert, 

Abner Baile, 
Lewis Baile, 
David Baile of I>., 
Peter M. Baile, 
Isaac Baile, 
Abraham Baile, 
David C. Baile, 
Peter Baile, 
Wm. Baile, 
Jeremiah Baile, 
Henry Baker, 
Meshack Baker, 
Andrew H. Baker, 
Simon Bangs, 

Wm. Carr, 
Alexander Carr, 
Geo. Carron, 
Hezekiah Cashour, 
George Cassell, 
David Cassell of G., 
Abraham Cassell, 
Joseph Cassell, 
John Caughnian, 



James Atlee, 

B 
Alfred Barnes, 
Francis P. Barnes, 
S. .1. Baumgartner, 
Anthony Beard, 
John Beard, 
George Belt, 
B. W. Bennett, 
Joseph Bingham, 
John Blackstone, 
Wm. Blackstone, 
Theodore Blume, 
Benjamin Bond, 
Wm. H. Bond, 



Joel Caylor, 
Amos Caylor, 
Wm. H. Chew, 
Elijah Cook, 
John Cook, 
Thomas Cook, 
Peter Cook, 
Resin Cook, 
Thomas Cook, Sr. 



Edwin A. Atlee, 
Sam'l J. Atlee. 



John T. Bond, 
Ephraim Bowersox, 
Benjamin Bowersox, 

B. L. Brown, 
Leonard Buckingham, 
Wm. Buckingham, 
John T. Buckingham, 
Francis Burgoon, 
Jesse T. Butler, 
John Butler, 
Dennis Butler, 
Wm. Burns, 
Andrew Bvers. 



Frederick H. Crabbs, 
Helpher Crawmer. 
Levi Crawmer, 
Jesse Crawmer, 
Wm. Crawmer, 
Jesse Crowl, 
Jacob Crowl, 
Robert Cummings, 
Jacob Curnniir_ 



312 



POLITICAL. 



Ephraim Cumniings, 
Wm. R. Curry, 

Abraham Danner, 
Wm. H. Danner, 
Henry W. Dell, 
Wm. Delphy, 
James D. Demmitt, 

James Earhart, 
George Earhart, 
Solomon Ecker, 
Wm. Ecker, . 
Jonas Ecker, 
Elisha D . Eckman, 
Levi Englar, 
Mordecai Englar, 
Abraham Englar, 

Jacob Feazer, 
Micajah Filinger, 
Michael First, 
Levi Fisher, 
John Fitz, 
Henry Flickinger, 
Henry Fogleson, 
David Foreman, 

Wm. H. Gamble, 
Ephraim Garner, 
Henry Geaty, 
Josiah Geiger, 
Peter Geiger, 
John Geiger, 
Wm. GetsendafFer, 
David Gilbert, 

John Haifles, 
Uriah Harman, 
Daniel Harman, 
David Harman, 
Sam'l Harman, 
Elhana Haines, 



Josiah Cushing, 
Lorenzo Cushing, 

D 

Chas. Denning, 
James Devilbiss, 
George Devilbiss, 
Chas. Devilbiss, 
Sam'l Diehl, 

E 

Joseph Englar, 
James W. Englar, 
Ephraim Englar, 
John Englar, 
Ephraim Englar, 
Jonas Englar, 
Hiram Englar, 
John Engle, 
Daniel Engle, 
F 

John A. Foreman, 
Jacob Foreman, 
Jacob Forney, 
John M. Forney, 
Nelson Forest, 
Wesley Forest, 
John Fox, 
Jacob Fritz, 

G 

Sam'l Gilbert, 
John Greenholtz, 
Jacob Greenholtz, 
Wm. Greenholtz, 
Daniel Greenwood, 
Josiah Greenwood, 
Wm. Greenwood, 
David Greenwood, 

H 

lleuben W. Haines, 
John Haines, 
Moses Haines, 
Jesse Haines, 
Wm. H. Haines, 
Nathan Haines, 



Joseph Cushing. 



John Diehl, 
Henry Diehl, 
Lewis Diehlman, 
Wesley Durbin. 



Peter Engle, 
David Engle, 
David Engle, 
Wm. Engleman, 
John Engleman, 
Lewis Engleman, 
Edward Ensor, 
Elijah Ensor. 



Wm. Fritz, 
George Fritz, 
Jacob Frizzle, Sr., 
Jacob Frizzle, Jr., 
David W. Frizzle, 
Jacob Frounfelter, 
David Frounfelter. 



John Greenwood, 
Joseph Greenwood, 
Daniel Greenwood, 
Peter Greenwood, 
Josiah Greenwood, 
Uriah Greenwood, 
Elias Grimes. 



Reuben Haines, 
Sam'l Haines, 
Nathan Hanna, 
David Harris, 
John Harris, 
George Harris, 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 31 


John A. Hawn, 


Isaac Hidde, 


Sam'l Hoffman, 


Daniel Heiser, 


Elmore Hide, 


Theodore Hoffman, 


Josiah Hibberd, 


David Hildebridle, 


.J. T. P. Hooper, 


Joseph Hibberd, 


Levi Hiner, 


Sam'l J. Hall, 


Job Hibberd, 


Elias Holmes, 

I 
Jeremiah Iser, 

J 

Isaac Jones, 


Lewis Hall. 


George Iser, 


John R. Israel. 


John James, 


Hiram Jordan. 




K 




Charles Keefer, 


Ephraim Kelly, 


Henry Koontz. 


David Kelly, 


George Kelly, 

L 

Sam'l Lambert, 




Corlan Laird, 


Jacob Landis, 


Isaac Lambert, 


Jesse Lambert, 


Lewis C. Lind- 


Abraham Lambert, 


Washington Lambert, 


Amos Little, 


David Lambert, 


Daniel Lambert, 
M 


John Loveall. 


George A. Marker, 


Mordecai McKinstry, 


Wm. Miller, 


Henry Marker, 


Sam'l McMaster, 


John Moore, 


Win. Martin, 


Christopher Millards, 


Upton J. Moore, 


Sam'l McKinstry, 


Rufus A. M. Miller, 


John W. Murray, 


Joseph McKinstry, 


Amon Miller, 
N 
Nathan Xicodcmus, 


Wesley Myers. 


Peter Nace, 


Augustus A. Xorris, 


David Nicodemus, 


Israel Xorris, 

O 

Elias Orpert. 

P 

Hiram Plaine, 


Wm. A. Xorris. 






Richard Parish, 


Albinus Poole, 


Thomas Pickett, 


Beniah Plaine, 


Charles A. Poole, 


Levi M. Picking, 


Sam'l Plaine, 


David Powell, 


Daniel Plaine, 


R 




Esau B. Randall, 


Israel Rinehart, 


Jacob Roop, Jr. 


Jehu Randall, 


Israel Rinehart, 


David Roop, 


George Reiman, 


James H. Richardson, 


Xathan Roop, 


Wm. Repp, 


xVbraham Roop, 


Upton Roop. 


Jacob Repp, 


Joel Roop, 





27 



314 



POLITICAL. 



Abraham Saum, 
Wm, Sawble, 
John Sawble, 
Wm. Selby, 
Henry A. Selman, 
John Senseny, 
James Senseny, 
Washington Senseny, 
John Shannon, 
John Shean, 
Thomas Shew, 
Nathan Shipley, 
Jacob Shriner, 
Jasper Shriner, 
Peter H. Shriner, 
Nelson Shriner, 
Lewis Shueey, 
Jeremiah Shueey, 
John Shueey, Sr. 



John F. Waeche, 
Wm. Wagoner, 
Sam'l Wagoner, 
Francis Wagoner, 
Alexander Warfield, 
Otho Warner, 



George Shunk, 
Wm. Simmons, 
Peter Slider, 
L. P. Slingluff, 
John Smelser, 
Upton W. Smelser, 
David Smelser, 
Wm. Smelser, 
Thomas Smith, 
Wm. Smith, 
Joseph Smith, 
Francis Smith, 
John Smith, 
Richard Smith, 
Evan T. Snader, 
Jacob Snader, 
David W. Snader, 
Philip Snader, 
Jesse L. Snader, 

T 

Conrad Trone, 
W 

Eli Warner, 
Hamilton Weaver, 
John Winner, 
Wm. West, 
Jacob Wilt, 
George Wilt, 
Y 



Levi N. Snader, 
John Snider, 
George Snider, 
Lewis Stedding, 
George Steiner, 
Wm. H. Steiner, 
David Stem, 
John Stone, 
Wm. H. Stone, 
Augustus Stone, 
Joseph Stonebreaker, 
Henry Stoner, 
Joseph Stouffer, 
Daniel Stouffer, 
Ephraim Stouffer, 
Jacob Sullivan, 
Jesse Sweigart, 
Israel Switzer. 



John Wilt, 
Henry C. Wilt, 
Frederick Winters, 
Martin Wolf, 
Elias Woods, 
Noah Worman. 



Edward Yingling. 
Z 
Wm. Zepp, Michael Zepp. 



POLL BOOKS OF CARROLL COUNTY, MD. 315 

Such has been the vascillation of the polls in Carroll County, for some 
time past, that the result of the last election, by itself, would not furnish 
sulficient data from which to draw an inference of the future, and except 
for that purpose, a knowledge of the past is of little use. I shall, there- 
fore, give the result of the three last elections, viz. the State election of 
1853, when Whigs and Democrats met in conflict for the last time ; the 
State election of 1855, when the Democracy met its new enemy for the 
first time, and the Presidential election of 1856, when the Know Nothings 
and the Democrats had their second battle. 

Taneytown or District No. 1—1853. Whig vote, 221, Dem. 136— Whig 
majority, 85. 1855, K.N. 249, Dem. 136— K. N. majority, 115.— 1856, 
K. N. 270, Dem. 147— K. N. majority, 123. 

Union Town, or District No. 2—1853. Whig, 329, Dem. 289— Whig 
majority, 40. 1855— K. N. 487, Dem. 183— K. N. majority, 304. 1856— 
K. N. 343, Dem. 164— K. N. majority, 189, decrease 115. But we regret 
to say that this declension of Know Nothingism in Union Town District, 
is more attributable to physical contraction than to moral expansion. 
Part of the District had been put to New Windsor. But Know Nothing- 
ism in Union District cannot last. It is only a fog. 

Myers, or District No. 3—1853. Whig, 91, Dem. 216— Dem. majority, 
125. 1855— K. N. 110, Dem. 183— Dem. majority, 73. 1856— K. N. 113, 
Dem. 227— Dem. majority, 114. 

Woolrey, or District No. 4—1853. Whig, 121, Dem. 202— Dem. majority, 
81. 1855— K. N. 216, Dem. 119— K. N. majority, 97. A change of 17S 
votes. For this memorable exploit, a banner was presented; but judging 
from the subsequent election, the Know Nothings of Woolrey wear their 
laurels with a modest pride. 1856 — K. N. 207, Dem. 175— K. N. majority, 
only 32. 

Freedom, or District No. 5—1853. Whig, 202, Dem. 100— Whig ma- 
jority, 102. 1855— K. N. 306, Dem. 88— K. N. majority, 218. 1856— 
K. N. 314, Dem. 105— K. N. majority, 209. 

Manchester, or District No. 6—1853. Whig, 88, Dem. 410 — Dem. ma- 
jority, 322. 1855— K. N. 103, Dem. 444— Dem. majority, 341. Clearly 
showing that this Gibraltar of Democracy was not to be seduced by the 
Know Nothing twaddle, about "Americans ruling America." 1S56 — K. 
N. 122, Dem. 494 — Dem. majority, 372. American coin still on the de- 
cline. I am told it is because the Manchester Savings Institution, after 
the most critical analysis, have pronounced it a base counterfeit. 

Westminster, or District No. 7—1853. Whig, 2S2, Dem. 300— Dem. 
majority, 18. 1855— K. N. 303, Dem. 313— Dem. majority, 10. 1856— K. 
N. 274, Dem. 334 — Dem. majority, 60. But since the previous election, 
part of the district had been set to New Windsor. 



o 



16 POLITICAL. 



Ilampstead, or District No. 8 — 1853. Whig, 81, Dem. 180 — Dem. ma- 
jority, 99. 1855— K. N. 123, Dem. 146— Dem. majority, 23. 1856— K. 
N. 133, Dem. 171 — Dem. majority, 38. An improvement from the year 
previous, but some of our Ilampstead Democrats must still be groping 
their way by the ignominious glimmer of the dark lantern. We commend 
them to the advice of Mr. Holt, ante, page 26. 

Franklin, or District No. 9—1853. Whig, 184, Dem. 134— Whig ma- 
jority, 50. 1855— K. N. 222, Dem. 134— K. N. majority, 88. 1856— K. 
N. 195, Dem. 99 — K. N. majority, 96. Not a word against Franklin Dis- 
trict, in the absence of its champion and Know Nothing Senator, Dr. 
Davis. But we give the Dr. friendly notice, that unless he returns from 
Kansas by the 4th of July, we may feel ourselves at liberty to pursue a 
different course. Part of the district had been put to New Windsor. 

Middleburg, or District No. 10—1853. Whig, 103, Dem. 79— Whig 
majority, 24. 1855. K. N. 134, Dem. 73— K. N. majority, 61. 1856— 
K. N. 156, Dem. 71— K. N. majority, 85. 

New Windsor or District No. 11, cast her maiden vote in 1856, as fol- 
lows : K. N. 221, Dem. 122 — K. N. majority, 99. Much less than was an- 
ticipated, and the unexpected vote of the Democracy, where it was gen- 
erally supposed that the Know Nothing earthquake had shook every 
thing to pieces, can only be attributed to the "whisperings of the still 
small voice.' , 

County Aggregates.— In 1853, the aggregate Democratic majority in 
Carroll County, over the Whigs was 344. In 1855, these very Whigs, by 
deserting their own colors and running up the Know Nothing flag, so 
improved their fortunes that they beat us 441 votes. But ill gotten power, 
like ill gotten wealth, "takes to itself wings and flies away." So that in 
1856, this Know Nothing majority was reduced to 249. Keep the ball 
rolling fellow Democrats, and in 1857, victory will again perch upon our 
banner, and Carroll County, which was born a Democrat, will be restored 
to her ancient faith, "redeemed, regenerated and disenthralled. " 



THfi RESULT. 317 



The Result.— The Presidential Election of 
1856, resulted by States as follows: 

STATES THAT VOTED FOR BUCHANAN. 



1. 


New Jersey, 


11. 


California, 


2. 


Pennsylvania, 


12. 


Mississippi, 


3. 


Delaware, 


13. 


Tennessee. 


4. 


Virginia, 


14. 


Alabama, 


5. 


North Carolina, 


15. 


Kentucky, 


6. 


South Carolina, 


16. 


Missouri, 


7. 


Georgia, 


17. 


Illinois. 


8. 


Florida, 


18. 


Indiana, 


9. 


Louisiana, 


19. 


Arkanfi 


10. 


Texas. 








STATES THAT 


VOTED 


FOR FREMONT. 


1. 


Maine, 


7. 


New York, 


2. 


New Hampshire, 


8. 


Iowa. 


3. 


Vermont, 


9. 


Ohio, 


4. 


Massachusetts, 


10. 


Michigan, 


5. 


Rhode Island, 


11. 


Wisconsin. 


6. 


Connecticut, 








STATES THAT 


VOTED ] 


iOK FILLMORE. 



Maryland. 

I have not given the number of votes cast by 
each State, because it is the object of the forego- 
ing to place before the reader, in an impressive 
27* 



318 POLITICAL. 

form, as it were pictorially, the comparative na- 
tional strength of the three parties, Democratic, 
Republican, and American. 

The great practical question, now, in politics, is 
a very simple one. I repudiate the idea that the 
Republican party is the North against the South. 
It is the fanatics about slavery everywhere, 
against everybody ; and the question is, shall 
the people of the United States suffer these fa- 
natics to dissolve the Union ? And the answer to 
that question is, yes, unless the national men of all 
parties unite to prevent it. They have united 
under the Democratic banner everywhere but in 
Maryland. There she stands by herself, not only 
the pioneer in breaking the ranks of national men 
against fanatics, but a pioneer without a follower. 
There she stands by herself, and I ask her to take 
up her line of march : I ask each individual voter 
that went for Fillmore, not to wait for others, but 
to act upon his own responsibility, and attach 
himself at once to the Democratic ranks, or join 
the fanatics, and in the name of Republicanism, 
do his utmost to destroy the Republic. 



CONCLUSION. 319 



CONCLUSION. 



The conclusion of a book frequently makes 
the previous pages the subject of its remark 
Mine will be confined to some of the foregoing 
state documents. If no good reason suggests it- 
self to the reader for the insertion of any one of 
them, it is hardly worth while for me to attempt 
to give one. The Declaration of Independence 
owes me nothing for its present publication. "We 
have "inserted it in our books" from its first pro- 
mulgation, and there is no danger of its going 
out of print, for how can we celebrate the 4th of 
July without it. 

But I am not prepared to give up all claim to 
credit for having rescued the Articles of War 
from the dusty shelf of some odd antiquary, like 
Mr. "Oldbuck" of Walter Scott creation, and 
causing them to reappear in a new and clean 
dress. Aside from their revolutionary associa- 
tions, the document challenges our regard by its 
intrinsic merits. It commences in regulating the 
conduct of the soldier while worshiping his Maker, 
and thus shadows forth the spirit in which our 
independence was achieved. In the impressive 
language of Mr. Everett, "there are two master 
ideas, greatest of the spiritual images enthroned 
in the mind of man, the only ones, comparatively 



320 POLITICAL. 

speaking, that deserve a name among men, springs 
of all the grand beneficent movements of modern 
times : These great ideas are God and Liberty. 
It was these that inspired our fathers ; by these 
that their weakness was clothed with power, that 
their simplicity was transmuted to wisdom, by 
these that the great miracle of their enterprise 

WAS WROUGHT." 

The Constitution. — It would be presumption 
in me to attempt to speak its praise : I have, 
therefore, reserved for this place the following 
extracts from the Baltimore Sun of the 18th of 
September, 1855. 

Celebration of the Anniversary of the Adoption 
of the Constitution of the United States. 

The anniversary of the adoption of the Federal Constitution 
by the United States was celebrated last evening by a dinner 
given at the front hall of the Maryland Institute. The object 
of the celebration is more fully set forth in the following extract 
from a circular invitation addressed to a number of distinguished 
citizens: " The. undersigned, friends of the National Constitu- 
tion and of civil and religious liberty, in the city of Baltimore, 
believing that the future hopes of our country depend upon 
maintaining the constitution as a sacred and inviolable instru- 
ment, and that the observance of the anniversary of its adop- 
tion is appropriate and patriotic, and calculated to cultivate a 
reverential regard for the glorious principles it embraces, have 
determined to celebrate the approaching anniversary by a social 
and patriotic reunion." 



CONCLUSION. 321 

The room was tastefully decorated with the national flag, the 
word "Union" being conspicuous at the lower end, and the 
head and sides embellished with paintings and busts of Wash- 
ington, the whole being put up by Messrs. Wm. M. Smith and 
Geo. Zellers. The Independent Blues' Band, under Prof. 
Holland, was also present to enliven the entertainment by their 
excellent music. 

The company, numbering about one hundred and thirty gen- 
tlemen, sat down to the table a 8J o'clock, Col. Jacob G. 
Davies, presiding, assisted by Col. Geo. P. Kane, Neilson Poe, 
Esq., Jas. H. Luckett, Esq., and Col. John S. Gittin_ 
vice-presidents. 

Col. Walter W. W. Bowie, the democratic candidate f«»r Comp- 
troller, and the Hon. Wm. D. Merrick occupied seats on the 
right and left of the president. 

Three tables extending the whole length of the room were 
laden with the substantiate and delicacies of the season, prepared 
by Mr. Patrick Reilly, in the most attractive and satisfactory 
style. 

Some of the regular toasts were as follows : 

1. The Federal Constitution. — A bond of union to the 
sovereign states and conservator of the liberties of a sovereign 
people. In sentiment exalted, it commands our veneration ; 
wise in its provisions, we respect it as the fundamental law ; 
just in its compromises, honor and duty alike call for their 
ascred observance ; and in its promise, hope ; every good citizen 
will seek to uphold it in the letter and in the spirit. [Air — 
Star Spangled Banner.] 

Robert C. Barry, Esq., being called for, responded to this 
sentiment in an eloquent and brief speech, which was received 
with great enthusiasm. He said he came there by his presence 
alone to assist in doing honor to the occasion, and confessed his 
inability to embellish the sentiment which had just been drunk 
by any thing he could add. The Federal Constitution, there 
it stood — no one could demolish it, and time could not over- 



322 POLITICAL. 

throw it, for its principles were laid deep in the principles of 
omnipotent truth, and God himself was its protector. 

It was here the pilgrim fathers sought a pure shrine and free- 
dom to worship God according to the dictates of their own con- 
sciences ; the emigrants who landed on the shores of the St. 
Mary's, vowed to make this land a refuge for the oppressed, and 
established religious toleration as one of the first and main arti- 
cles of their creed. The constitution that had been first signed 
and sealed by Washington would ever stand, and give light to 
the oppressed. Clouds might obscure the horizon, but the stars 
would still remain and would shine out with undimmed lustre. 

There would always be men found like those he saw around 
him to-night, ready and willing to rally and die if it may be, in 
the defence of that glorious palladium of liberty. So long as the 
rainbow of hope remained in the heavens, so long would our 
constitution remain to us. When the stars cease to shine, and 
the rainbow of promise and hope to man fail to be seen — then, # 
and only then, would the federal constitution fall. Mr. Barry 
was frequently interrupted by the applause of his hearers. 

3. America — Rich in all the bounty, and fair in the varied 
loveliness of nature, home of freemen and refuge of the op- 
pressed of every clime, she is at once the wonder, the admira- 
tion, and the hope of the civilized world. — [Air — Hail Columbia.] 

The Hon. Chas. F. Mayer being called upon, responded to 
the third toast in the most pertinent manner, He spoke el- 
oquently of the theme — America — her greatness and her glory ; 
no clime was more genial, no skies more bright, and we could 
boast most of the wonders of nature. We made this land of 
promise a sanctuary — this America of ours the sanctuary — the 
altar which God himself has blessed — the altar of liberty, and 
of civil and religious freedom. 

6. Maryland. — One of the old Thirteen, still true to her 
solemn covenant, no breach of faith has stained her escutcheon. 

Levin Gale, Esq., in responding said, 

Who does not feel proud of his country, and thank God, Mary- 



CONCLUSION. 323 

landers might feel proud of their old State — the State in which 
free toleration was first proclaimed. 

7. The National Men of all Parties, — Always ready when the 
constitution is either to be honored or defended. — [Air — Auld 
Lang Syne.] 

In responding, Jervis Spencer, Esq., said, 

The Constitution was the Mecca to which every patriotic citizen 
turned when he offered his prayers for the success of his coun- 
try. 

9. The Judiciary of the United States. — An honor to the 
Republic. 

Hon. J. C. Le Grand, Chief Justice of Maryland, 
being called on to respond, in the course of his 
observations, after an appropriate allusion to the 
venerable Chief Justice Tane}^, said, 

'It was difficult to do justice to the wisdom of the men who form- 
ed the Constitution of the country, whilst it was the dearest pre- 
rogative of every freeman to Beek to perpetuate it. 

The speaker also paid a beautiful tribute to Justice Loring, 
whose self-devotion entitled him to the respect and admiration 
of every American heart. 

11. American Commerce. — A source of wealth to the nation 
and a minister of good will and republican principles to the re- 
motest corners of the earth. 

At the call of the President, the toast was responded to "by 
one of the most distinguished merchants of Baltimore, Robert 
Clinton Wright, Esq., who in his response paid a tribute to 
mercantile integrity, and adverted to the expanding commerce 
of the country." 

12. The Press. — When not abused, the true palladium of 
constitutional liberty. 

In responding to this. toast, B. H. Richardson, Esq. did not 
like its seemingly equivocal character, for the press of this country 
could stand abuse, and the direst persecution, yet it would prove 
true to the best interests of the nation. 



324 POLITICAL. 

13. The Ladies of America. — While their charms act as a 
magnet upon the heart, their devotion to religion, to charity, and 
to their country, is a model worthy of the imitation of the 
sterner sex. 

The ladies "very felicitously" responded by their attorney 
Neilson Poe, Esq., a gentleman worthy of such fair clients. 

It is with feelings of deep sensation that we in- 
sert the following volunteer toast by Wm. M. 
Starr, Esq., as the honored subject of it, one of 
Maryland's most cherished sons, has since been 
summoned to the tomb. 

Hon. Wm. D. Merrick. — An example of fidelity to the consti- 
tution ; we hail his presence among us, and remember his pub- 
lic services, and most, his noble independence in the Senate of 
the United States in support of southern rights, in the annexa- 
tion of Texas. 

Mr. Merrick arose to respond and was greeted with much ap- 
plause. He spoke in his usual happy manner for a short time, 
urging a rally with one heart, one body and one soul in support 
of the constitution. He eloquently spoke of the right of men to 
worship God as they saw proper, and of the advent of the time 
when all true men, whigs and democrats, should forget party 
dissentions, and rally as one man, pledging their lives and sacred 
honors to the maintenance of all the compromises of the consti- 
tion. He gave the following sentiment : 

The Democrats and Whigs of Maryland — Contending in 
times past about grave questions of public policy, but always 
both loyal to the Constitution and the Union, may they, in the 
pending crisis, imitate the example of their patriotic predecessors 
during the first and second wars of independence, who, with one 
accord, forgot and discarded all previous differences and party 
strifes in the noblest of human efforts, first to achieve, and sec- 
ondly, to defend and maintain their civil, political and religious 
rights, and that invaluable Constitution and form of Government 
which defines and guarantees them. 



CONCLUSION. 325. 

Letters from invited guests were read by Joseph 
J. Stewart, Esq., one of the Secretaries: 

His Excellency, T. Watkins Ligon, by letter, 
very briefly, but with great courtesy, regretted 
his necessary absence, alluding to the Constitu- 
tion as a "wise, beneficent and comprehensive 
form of government/' and to "the characters of 
the illustrious men through whose patriotism and 
wisdom the great work was achieved." 

Letter from the Hon. G. M. Dallas : 

Philadelphia, Sept. 14. 1865. 
Gentlemen : The history of the United State- from '87 to '55 
is a glowing picture of unprecedented popular progress in all 
the great aims and objects of social and political organization. 

Nothing equal to it is to be found in the world'.- annals. Firm 
independence, true liberty, peaceful expansion, accumulating 
power, (moral and material,) overflowing abundance, unlimited 
commerce, high reaching and wide spread enlightenment, and a 

renown undimmed by injustice, are the prominent features of 
our national existence. Under the beneficence of heaven, to 
what cause must all this be ascribed? No sane man hesitates 
to feel and exclaim "what cause ? why, the constitution adopted 
by the American people for their union and government on the 
17th September, 1787 — wisely maintained inviolate amid the 
convulsive rage for change every where else prevailing : that is 
the cause/' 

Of a certainty, then, this act of adoption — this establish- 
ment of the primary and peerless platform of principles — merits 
the commemoration at which you have done me the honor to 
desire my presence. In no public action do I more heartily 
join than in every effort "to cultivate a reverential regard for 
the glorious principles embraced" in the constitution. The "list 
of officers" you have transmitted, too, includes so many names 
28 



326 POLITICAL. 

suggestive of lofty intellect, generous love of country, and man- 
ly truth, that I deeply regret my inability to seize the opportu- 
nity to meet them. A celebration of the same nature, however, 
on the same day, takes place in this city, and at that I have 
already undertaken to assist. 

With many grateful acknowledgments, I am, gentlemen, sin- 
cerely and respectfully, your friend and servant, 

Gr. M. Dallas. 

J. J. Stewart, Esq. Sec'y. 

Extracts from the letter of the Hon. Reverdy 
Johnson, who was necessarily absent : 

1 'But for the Constitution it is not too much to say that the 
rights proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence, and suf- 
ferings and blood which maintained them, in all human proba- 
bility would have been in a great measure fruitless. The good 
and great men who framed it saw that, without that or some 
equivalent government, the useful Union of the United States 
could not be preserved or the prosperity and power inseparable 
from such a Union attained. 

"The result of their deliberations, conducted as these were 
with a pure patriotism and an enlightened spirit, has made us 
what we are, a happy, free and great nation. In all the ele- 
ments of social and political blessings the world's history fur- 
nishes nothing to equal, much less to excel it. Leaving the 
States respectively supreme in every matter not calculated to 
affect them collectively, and conferring upon the general govern- 
ment all powers necessary to 'provide for the common defence, 
promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty,' 
it has been followed by a prosperity, private and political, that 
makes us, even in this the infancy of our existence, fully the 
equal in power with the greatest nations of the world, and in 
happiness and freedom more than their equal. What we will 
be hereafter, if true to ourselves, defies calculation. The day, 
therefore, the 17th of September, on which the priceless gift 
was adopted for and presented to the North American people, 



CONCLUSION. 327 

should forever, in gratitude to God and man, be regarded as 
consecrated to American freedom, and observed as a political 
sabbath." 

"It may be that in this stage of our history it would be well 
to change the existing rule [of naturalization]. The period of 
antecedent residence may be too brief, and the guards against 
abuse insufficient ; but to combine together in any form to ex- 
clude from office those who have been or may become natu- 
ralized under the present rule is as clear a violation of the Con- 
stitution as would be a forcible denial of any other right either 
of person or property. That the wrong is to be done through 
the ballot-box gives it no excuse. The thing is in itself at war 
with the Constitution, wholly irrespective of the means by which 
it is committed. Indeed it is rather an aggravation of it, as it 
abuses the sacred purpose of the franchise, by converting it into 
an instrument of injustice, from being as it should be the means 
of supporting all the rights that the Constitution confers on the 
citizen. 

"But the aspect in which such a combination, successfully 
carried out, would present us to the world, should be a matter 
of deep regret. It would prove native Americans false to a 
most solemn national promise — that holds forth the expectation, 
in words too clear for debate, of equality of rights. This after 
the expectation has been acted upon in good faith by the emi- 
grant — denies it. It, therefore, carries with it national dishonor. 
It makes also the Constitution what it is not. It changes the 
law, which all are equally bound to obey, in spirit as well as 
letter, and makes for itself a law. 

"Upon the subject of religious freedom our ancestors were so 
jealous that they deemed it right to secure it more effectually 
than it was thought to be secured by the Constitution as at first 
adopted. This they did in the first of the amendments by deny- 
ing to congress the jjght to* f#f s^ny J-|^ respecting the estab- 
lishment of religkmor prohrmtilg .A^p-ee exercise thereof.' 
And this they deem equally important as the whole article shows 



328 POLITICAL. 

with 'freedom of speech or of the press ; or the right of the peo- 
ple peaceably to assemble and to petition for a redress of griev- 
ances.' 

' 'If a combination to the injury of the naturalized citizen, 
merely because of his being naturalized, is improper, how much 
more improper, if that be possible, is such af combination to 
affect the rights of a citizen whether native or naturalized be- 
cause merely of his religious opinions." 

In alluding to the venerable Chief Justice 
Taney, who is a Catholic, Mr. Johnson said : 

"I forbear to name an instance amongst the living, but there 
is one holding the highest judicial office in the world, who has 
long since enjoyed the respect and won the admiration of all. 
A religion which numbers amongst its followers such a man, one 
would think, incapable of doing harm to American freedom, or 
of having a concealed political allegiance, inconsistent with a 
full and faithful discharge of every duty known to American in- 
stitutions.' ' 

This just tribute of respect and admiration 
could not have come from a more gratifying 
source than from one who is himself so eminent 
in the legal profession. But, what are the most 
distinguished of men, what are all the men of any 
single generation compared with the enduring 
importance of the Constitution of the United 
States ? 



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